Editing Rotavirus (section)

== History ==
[[File:Flewett Rotavirus.jpg|thumb|upright|One of Flewett's original electron micrographs showing a single rotavirus particle. When examined by negative stained electron microscopy, rotaviruses often resemble wheels.]]

In 1943, Jacob Light and Horace Hodes proved that a filterable agent in the faeces of children with infectious diarrhoea also caused scours (livestock diarrhoea) in cattle.<ref name="pmid18015921">{{cite journal |vauthors=Light JS, Hodes HL |title=Studies on Epidemic Diarrhea of the New-born: Isolation of a Filtrable Agent Causing Diarrhea in Calves |journal=American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health |volume=33 |issue=12 |pages=1451–1454 |year=1943 |pmid=18015921 |pmc=1527675 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.33.12.1451 }}</ref> Three decades later, preserved samples of the agent were shown to be rotavirus.<ref name="pmid184047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mebus CA, Wyatt RG, Sharpee RL, Sereno MM, Kalica AR, Kapikian AZ, Twiehaus MJ |title=Diarrhea in gnotobiotic calves caused by the reovirus-like agent of human infantile gastroenteritis |journal=Infection and Immunity |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=471–474 |year= 1976|doi=10.1128/IAI.14.2.471-474.1976 |pmid=184047 |url=http://iai.asm.org/cgi/reprint/14/2/471 |format=PDF |pmc=420908}}</ref> In the intervening years, a virus in mice<ref name="pmid4998842">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rubenstein D, Milne RG, Buckland R, Tyrrell DA |title=The growth of the virus of epidemic diarrhoea of infant mice (EDIM) in organ cultures of intestinal epithelium |journal=British Journal of Experimental Pathology |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=442–445 |year=1971 |pmid=4998842 |pmc=2072337}}</ref> was shown to be related to the virus causing scours.<ref name="pmid965097">{{cite journal |vauthors=Woode GN, Bridger JC, Jones JM, Flewett TH, Davies HA, Davis HA, White GB |title=Morphological and antigenic relationships between viruses (rotaviruses) from acute gastroenteritis in children, calves, piglets, mice, and foals |journal=Infection and Immunity |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=804–810 |year =1976|doi=10.1128/IAI.14.3.804-810.1976 |pmid=965097 |url=http://iai.asm.org/cgi/reprint/14/3/804 |format=PDF |pmc=420956}}</ref> In 1973, [[Ruth Bishop]] and colleagues described related viruses found in children with gastroenteritis.<ref name="pmid19799704">{{cite journal |author=Bishop R |title=Discovery of rotavirus: Implications for child health |journal=Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology |volume=24 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=S81–S85 |year =2009 |pmid=19799704 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06076.x |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 1974, [[Thomas Henry Flewett]] suggested the name ''rotavirus'' after observing that, when viewed through an [[electron microscope]], a rotavirus particle looks like a wheel ({{lang|la|rota}} in Latin)<ref name="pmid77663" /><ref name="pmid4137164">{{cite journal |vauthors=Flewett TH, Bryden AS, Davies H, Woode GN, Bridger JC, Derrick JM |title=Relation between viruses from acute gastroenteritis of children and newborn calves |journal=The Lancet |volume=304 |issue=7872 |pages=61–63 |year=1974 |pmid=4137164 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91631-6}}</ref> the name was officially recognised by the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] four years later.<ref name="pmid43850">{{cite journal |author=Matthews RE |title=Third report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Classification and nomenclature of viruses |journal=Intervirology |volume=12 |issue=3–5 |pages=129–296 |year=1979 |pmid=43850 |doi=10.1159/000149081|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1976, related viruses were described in several other species of animals.<ref name="pmid965097" /> These viruses, all causing acute gastroenteritis, were recognised as a collective pathogen affecting humans and other animals worldwide.<ref name="pmid77663">{{cite journal |vauthors=Flewett TH, Woode GN |title=The rotaviruses |journal=Archives of Virology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |year=1978 |pmid=77663 |doi=10.1007/BF01315633 |pmc=7087197 }}</ref> Rotavirus serotypes were first described in 1980,<ref name="pmid2833405">{{cite journal |vauthors=Beards GM, Brown DW |s2cid=11547573 |title=The antigenic diversity of rotaviruses: significance to epidemiology and vaccine strategies |journal=European Journal of Epidemiology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |year= 1988 |pmid=2833405 |doi=10.1007/BF00152685}}</ref> and in the following year, rotaviruses from humans were first grown in [[cell culture]]s derived from monkey kidneys, by adding [[trypsin]] (an enzyme found in the [[duodenum]] of [[mammals]] and now known to be essential for rotavirus to replicate) to the culture medium.<ref name="pmid6273696">{{cite journal |vauthors=Urasawa T, Urasawa S, Taniguchi K |title=Sequential passages of human rotavirus in MA-104 cells |journal=Microbiology and Immunology |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1025–1035 |year=1981 |pmid=6273696 |doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.1981.tb00109.x |s2cid=25276891 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The ability to grow rotaviruses in culture accelerated the pace of research, and by the mid-1980s the first candidate vaccines were being evaluated.<ref name="pmid19072246">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ward RL, Bernstein DI |title=Rotarix: a rotavirus vaccine for the world |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=222–228 |year =2009 |pmid=19072246 |doi=10.1086/595702 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

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