Editing Robert the Bruce (section)

=== Discovery of the Bruce's tomb ===
{{main|Dunfermline Abbey}}

[[File:Marker stone for the burial place of Robert the Bruce's heart, Melrose Abbey.jpg|thumb|300px|Marker stone for the burial place of Robert the Bruce's heart, Melrose Abbey]]
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| image1            = Robert the Bruce - Hunterian Museum 01.jpg
| width1            = 180
| caption1          = Plaster cast of Robert I's skull by William Scoular
| image2            = King_Robert_I_of_Scotland.jpg
| width2            = 180
| caption2          = The face of Robert the Bruce by forensic sculptor [[Christian Corbet]]
| caption3          = The Face of Robert the Bruce by Face Lab at Liverpool John Moores University
| link3             = https://www.ljmu.ac.uk/about-us/news/robert-the-bruce
}}

During the [[Scottish Reformation]], the abbey church had undergone a first [[Protestant]] "cleansing" by September 1559 and was sacked in March 1560. By September 1563 the [[Choir (architecture)|choir]] and feretory chapel were roofless, and it was said that the nave was also in a sorry state, with the walls so extensively damaged that it was a danger to enter.<ref name="McRoberts 1959 pp.146-50">McRoberts, David "Material destruction caused by the Scottish Reformation", Innes Review, 10 (1959), pp. 146–150.</ref> In 1672 parts of the east end collapsed, while in 1716 part of the central tower is said to have fallen, presumably destabilising much that still stood around its base, and the east gable tumbled in 1726. The final collapse of the central tower took place in 1753.<ref name="McRoberts 1959 pp.146-50"/><ref>Annals of Dunfermline, pp. 342–344.</ref>

On 17 February 1818, workmen breaking ground on the new parish church to be built on the site of the choir of Dunfermline Abbey uncovered a [[Burial vault (tomb)|vault]] before the site of the former abbey high altar.<ref name="Penman14">Penman 2009 p. 14</ref><ref name="Jardine2">Jardine 1821 p. 2</ref> The vault was covered by two large, flat stones – one forming a headstone, and a larger stone {{convert|7|ft|cm}} in length, with six iron rings or handles set in it. When these stones were removed, the vault was found to be {{convert|7|ft|cm}} in length, {{convert|22|in|cm}} wide and {{convert|18|in|cm}} deep.<ref name="Jardine6">Jardine 1821 p. 6</ref> Within the vault, inside the remnants of a decayed oak coffin, there was a body entirely enclosed in lead, with a decayed shroud of [[cloth of gold]] over it. Over the head of the body, the lead was formed into the shape of a crown.<ref name="Jardine4">Jardine 1821 p. 4</ref> Fragments of marble and alabaster had been found in the debris around the site of the vault several years earlier, which were linked to Robert the Bruce's recorded purchase of a marble and alabaster tomb made in Paris.<ref name="Jardine13">Jardine 1821 p. 13</ref>

The [[Court of Exchequer (Scotland)|Barons of Exchequer]] ordered that the vault was to be secured from all further inspection with new stones and iron bars and guarded by the town constables and that once the walls of the new church were built up around the site, an investigation of the vault and the remains could take place.<ref name="Jardine5">Jardine 1821 p. 5</ref> Accordingly, on 5 November 1819, the investigation took place. The cloth of gold shroud and the lead covering were found to be in a rapid state of decay since the vault had first been opened 21 months earlier.<ref name="Jardine6"/> The body was raised up and placed on a wooden coffin board on the edge of the vault. It was found to be covered in two thin layers of lead, each around {{convert|5|mm|in}} thick. The lead was removed and the skeleton was inspected by [[James Gregory (physician)|James Gregory]] and [[Alexander Monro (tertius)|Alexander Monro]], Professor of Anatomy at the [[University of Edinburgh]]. The sternum was found to have been sawn open from top to bottom, permitting removal of the king's heart after death.<ref name="Jardine8">Jardine 1821 p. 8</ref> A [[plaster cast]] was taken of the detached skull by artist William Scoular.<ref name="Jardine8"/><ref name="Fawcett100">Fawcett 2005 p. 100</ref> The bones were measured and drawn, and the king's skeleton was measured to be {{convert|5|ft|11|in|cm}}. It has been estimated that Bruce stood at around {{convert|6|ft|1|in|cm}} tall as a young man, which by medieval standards was impressive. At this height he would have stood almost as tall as [[Edward I]] ({{convert|6|ft|2|in|cm|disp=semicolon}}).<ref name="Jardine8"/>

[[File:Robert the Bruce - Hunterian Museum 02.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Display case of artifacts pertaining to Robert the Bruce: 1) plaster cast of his skull; 2) foot bone (metatarsal); 3) fragment of the lead shroud; 4) iron handle from the stone slab covering the vault; 5) iron nail from the wooden coffin; 6) marble fragments of the tomb. Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, Glasgow, Scotland.]]

The skeleton, lying on the wooden coffin board, was then placed upon the top of a lead coffin and the large crowd of curious people who had assembled outside the church were allowed to file past the vault to view the king's remains.<ref name="Jardine11">Jardine 1821 p. 11</ref> It was at this point in the proceedings that some small relics{{snd}}teeth and finger bones{{snd}}were allegedly removed from the skeleton. The published accounts of eyewitnesses such as Henry Jardine and James Gregory confirm the removal of small objects at this time.<ref name="Penman35">Penman 2009 p. 35</ref> Robert the Bruce's remains were ceremonially re-interred in the vault in Dunfermline Abbey on 5 November 1819. They were placed in a new lead coffin, into which was poured 1,500 lbs of molten [[Pitch (resin)|pitch]] to preserve the remains before the coffin was sealed.<ref name="Jardine11"/>

Reconstructions of the face of Robert the Bruce have been produced, including those by Richard Neave from the University of Manchester,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://historum.com/european-history/48513-face-reconstruction-king-robert-bruce-scottish-national-hero.html |title=Face reconstruction of King 'Robert The Bruce' (Scottish national hero) |publisher=Historum – History Forums |access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref> Peter Vanezis from the University of Glasgow<ref name="Facial reconstruction of Robert The Bruce p42">[http://theses.gla.ac.uk/375/01/2008vanezisphd.pdf Facial reconstruction of Robert The Bruce p. 42].</ref> and Dr Martin McGregor (University of Glasgow) and Prof Caroline Wilkinson (Face Lab at Liverpool John Moores University).<ref>{{cite news |last=Macdonald |first=Ken |title=Reconstructed face of Robert the Bruce is unveiled |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-38242781 |publisher=BBC News |date=8 December 2016 |access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>