Editing Racial discrimination (section)

=== United States ===
In the United States, courts have upheld [[race-conscious policies]] when they are used to promote a diverse work or educational environment.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-04-22-scotus-firefighters_N.htm?loc=interstitialskip |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |title=Court tackles racial bias in work promotions |first=Joan |last=Biskupic |author-link=Joan Biskupic |date=April 22, 2009 |access-date=May 22, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://academic.udayton.edu/race/04needs/education03.htm |title=The Struggle for Access in Law School Admissions |publisher=Academic.udayton.edu |access-date=2010-05-23}}</ref> Some critics have described those policies as discriminating against white people. In response to arguments that such policies (e.g. [[affirmative action]]) constitute discrimination against whites, sociologists note that the purpose of these policies is to level the playing field to counteract discrimination.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.understandingprejudice.org/readroom/articles/affirm.htm | title=Ten Myths About Affirmative Action | work=Understandingprejudice.org | access-date=13 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pincus|first1=F. L.|title=Discrimination Comes in Many Forms: Individual, Institutional, and Structural|journal=American Behavioral Scientist|date=1 November 1996|volume=40|issue=2|pages=186–194|doi=10.1177/0002764296040002009|s2cid=143231189|url=http://www.extension.iastate.edu/4hfiles/StaffDocs4H/2014YouthFest/DiscriminationComesInManyForms.pdf}}</ref>

==== Perceptions ====
A 2016 poll found that 38% of US citizens thought that Whites faced a lot of discrimination. Among Democrats, 29% thought there was some discrimination against Whites in the United States, while 49% of Republicans thought the same.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.people-press.org/2016/12/08/2-discrimination-and-conflicts-in-u-s-society/ | title=Discrimination and conflicts in U.S. society | publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] | work=U.S. Politics & Policy | date=8 December 2016 | access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref> Similarly, another poll conducted earlier in the year found that 41% of US citizens believed there was "widespread" discrimination against whites.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/194657/six-americans-say-racism-against-blacks-widespread.aspx | title=Six in 10 Americans Say Racism Against Blacks Is Widespread | work=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] | date=17 August 2016 | access-date=3 July 2017 | author=Jones, Jeffrey M.}}</ref> There is evidence that some people are motivated to believe they are the victims of reverse discrimination because the belief bolsters their self-esteem.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wilkins|first1=Clara L.|last2=Hirsch|first2=Alexander A.|last3=Kaiser|first3=Cheryl R.|last4=Inkles|first4=Michael P.|title=The threat of racial progress and the self-protective nature of perceiving anti-White bias|journal=Group Processes & Intergroup Relations|date=23 February 2016|volume=20|issue=6|pages=801–812|doi=10.1177/1368430216631030|s2cid=46226823}}</ref>

==== Law ====
In the United States, [[Civil Rights Act of 1964#Title VII|Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964]] prohibits all racial discrimination based on race.<ref name="EEOCmanual">{{cite web|title=Section 15: Race & Color Discrimination|url=https://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/race-color.html|website=EEOC Compliance Manual|access-date=16 August 2017|date=19 April 2006}}</ref> Although some courts have taken the position that a white person must meet a heightened standard of proof to prove a reverse-discrimination claim, the U.S. [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] (EEOC) applies the same standard to all claims of racial discrimination without regard to the victim's race.<ref name="EEOCmanual"/>