Editing Psychology (section)

=== Personality ===
{{main|Personality psychology}}
Personality psychology is concerned with enduring patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. Theories of personality vary across different psychological schools of thought. Each theory carries different assumptions about such features as the role of the unconscious and the importance of childhood experience. According to Freud, personality is based on the dynamic interactions of the [[id, ego, and super-ego]].<ref>Carver, C., & Scheier, M. (2004). Perspectives on Personality (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson.</ref> By contrast, [[trait theorist]]s have developed taxonomies of personality constructs in describing personality in terms of key traits. Trait theorists have often employed statistical data-reduction methods, such as [[factor analysis]]. Although the number of proposed traits has varied widely, [[Hans Eysenck]]'s early biologically based model suggests at least three major trait constructs are necessary to describe human personality, [[extraversion and introversion|extraversion–introversion]], [[neuroticism]]-stability, and [[psychoticism]]-normality. [[Raymond Cattell]] empirically derived a theory of [[16 personality factors]] at the primary-factor level and up to eight broader second-stratum factors.<ref>Cattell, R.B. (1995). "The fallacy of five factors in the personality sphere". ''The Psychologist'', May, 207–208.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00224545.1972.9918617 |title=An Improved Definition, from 10 Researchers, of Second Order Personality Factors in Q Data (with Cross-Cultural Checks) |journal=The Journal of Social Psychology |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=187–203 |year=1972 |last1=Cattell |first1=Raymond B. |last2=Nichols |first2=K. Ernest }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.187 |pmid=7724687 |title=A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=187–215 |year=1995 |last1=Block |first1=Jack }}</ref><ref>Boyle, G.J. (2008). Critique of Five-Factor Model (FFM). In G.J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D.H. Saklofske. (Eds.), ''ThBy coe SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment: Vol. 1 – Personality theories and models''. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE. {{ISBN|978-1-4129-4651-3}}</ref> Since the 1980s, the [[Big Five personality traits|Big Five]] ([[openness to experience]], [[conscientiousness]], [[Extraversion and introversion|extraversion]], [[agreeableness]], and [[neuroticism]]) emerged as an important trait theory of personality.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lucas |first1=Richard E. |last2=Baird |first2=Brendan M. |title=Extraversion and Emotional Reactivity. |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |year=2004 |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=473–485 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.86.3.473 |pmid=15008650 }}</ref> [[Dimensional models of personality disorders]] are receiving increasing support, and a version of dimensional assessment, namely the ''[[Alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders|Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders]]'', has been included in the [[DSM-5]]. However, despite a plethora of research into the various versions of the "Big Five" personality dimensions, it appears necessary to move on from static conceptualizations of personality structure to a more dynamic orientation, acknowledging that personality constructs are subject to learning and change over the lifespan.<ref>Boyle, G.J. (2011). Changes in personality traits in adulthood. In D. Westen, L. Burton, & R. Kowalski (Eds.), Psychology: Australian and New Zealand 3rd edition (pp. 448–449). Milton, Queensland: Wiley. {{ISBN|978-1-74216-644-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/0033-295X.109.1.202 |pmid=11863038 |title=Enriched behavioral prediction equation and its impact on structured learning and the dynamic calculus |journal=Psychological Review |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=202–205 |year=2002 |last1=Cattell |first1=Raymond B. |last2=Boyle |first2=Gregory J. |last3=Chant |first3=David }}</ref>

An early example of personality assessment was the [[Woodworth Personal Data Sheet]], constructed during World War I. The popular, although psychometrically inadequate, [[Myers–Briggs Type Indicator]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1742-9544.1995.tb01750.x |title=Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): Some Psychometric Limitations |journal=Australian Psychologist |volume=30 |pages=71–74 |year=1995 |last1=Boyle |first1=Gregory J. |issue=1 }}</ref> was developed to assess individuals' "personality types" according to the [[Psychological Types|personality theories of Carl Jung]]. The [[Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory]] (MMPI), despite its name, is more a dimensional measure of psychopathology than a personality measure.<ref>Leslie C. Morey, "Measuring Personality and Psychopathology" in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 2: ''Research Methods in Psychology''.</ref> [[California Psychological Inventory]] contains 20 personality scales (e.g., independence, tolerance).<ref>Gough, H.G. (1987) California Psychological Inventory Administrator's Guide. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.</ref> The [[International Personality Item Pool]], which is in the public domain, has become a source of scales that can be used personality assessment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goldberg |first1=Lewis R. |last2=Johnson |first2=John A. |last3=Eber |first3=Herbert W. |last4=Hogan |first4=Robert |last5=Ashton |first5=Michael C. |last6=Cloninger |first6=C. Robert |last7=Gough |first7=Harrison G. |date=February 2006 |title=The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092656605000553 |journal=Journal of Research in Personality |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=84–96 |doi=10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007}}</ref>