Editing Power (social and political) (section)

== Psychological research ==
Recent experimental psychology suggests that the more power one has, the less one takes on the perspective of others, implying that the powerful have less [[empathy]]. [[Adam Galinsky]], along with several coauthors, found that when those who are reminded of their powerlessness are instructed to draw Es on their forehead, they are 3 times more likely to draw them such that they are legible to others than those who are reminded of their power.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Collins|first1=Lauren|title=Power Hour: Psychology test at the Time 100 party|journal=New Yorker|date=26 May 2008|url=http://www.newyorker.com/talk/2008/05/26/080526ta_talk_collins|access-date=22 June 2008|archive-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626201808/http://www.newyorker.com/talk/2008/05/26/080526ta_talk_collins|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Academics and Faculty: Adam Galinsky|url=http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/bio/galinsky.htm|website=Kellogg School of Management|publisher=Northwestern University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501191910/http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/bio/galinsky.htm|archive-date=1 May 2012}}</ref> Powerful people are also more likely to take action. In one example, powerful people turned off an irritatingly close fan twice as much as less powerful people. Researchers have documented the [[bystander effect]]: they found that powerful people are three times as likely to first offer help to a "stranger in distress".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Henretty|first1=Aubrey|title=How power shapes executive choice|url=http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/news/whatsnew/mbaupdate08.htm|website=Kellogg School of Management|publisher=Northwestern University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908051020/http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/news/whatsnew/mbaupdate08.htm|archive-date=8 September 2008|date=7 May 2008}}</ref>

A study involving over 50 college students suggested that those primed to feel powerful through stating 'power words' were less susceptible to external pressure, more willing to give honest feedback, and more creative.<ref>{{cite book|first=Olanike F.|last=Deji|title=Gender and Rural Development: Introduction|year=2011|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-90103-3|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Friw38mN7-kC&pg=PA272 272]}}</ref> In one paper, power was defined "as a possibility to influence others."<ref name="Handgraaf 1136–1149" />{{Rp|1137}}Research experiments were done as early as 1968 to explore power conflict.<ref name="Handgraaf 1136–1149">{{cite journal|last= Handgraaf|first= Michel J. J. |author2= Van Dijk, Eric |author3= Vermunt, Riël C. |author4= Wilke, Henk A. M. |author5= De Dreu, Carsten K. W. |title= Less power or powerless? Egocentric empathy gaps and the irony of having little versus no power in social decision making|journal= Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|date= 1 January 2008|volume= 95|issue= 5|pages= 1136–1149|doi= 10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1136|pmid= 18954198}}</ref> One study concluded that facing one with more power leads to strategic consideration whereas facing one with less power leads to a social responsibility.<ref name="Handgraaf 1136–1149" />

===Bargaining games===
There have also been studies aimed at comparing behavior done in different situations were individuals were given power.<ref name="Handgraaf 1136–1149" /> In an ''ultimatum game'', the person in given power offers an ultimatum and the recipient would have to accept that offer or else both the proposer and the recipient will receive no reward.<ref name="Handgraaf 1136–1149" /> In a ''dictator game'', the person in given power offers a proposal and the recipient would have to accept that offer. The recipient has no choice of rejecting the offer. The dictator game gives no power to the recipient whereas the ultimatum game gives some power to the recipient. The behavior observed was that the person offering the proposal would act less strategically than would the one offering in the ultimatum game. [[Self-serving]] also occurred and a lot of pro-social behavior was observed.<ref name="Handgraaf 1136–1149" />

When the counterpart recipient is completely powerless, lack of strategy, social responsibility and moral consideration is often observed from the behavior of the proposal given (the one with the power).<ref name="Handgraaf 1136–1149" />