Editing Parenting (section)

===Newborns and infants===
{{Main|Infant}}
[[File:Blake Infant Joy Copy AA 25.jpg|thumb|200px|A mother wishes joy towards her child in [[William Blake]]'s poem "[[Infant Joy]]". This copy, Copy AA, was printed and painted in 1826, is currently held by the [[Fitzwilliam Museum]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.25&java=no| title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, copy AA, object 25 (Bentley 25, Erdman 25, Keynes 25) "Infant Joy" |editor=Morris Eaves |editor2=Robert N. Essick |editor3=Joseph Viscomi | publisher = [[William Blake Archive]] | access-date = 16 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117084515/http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.aa.illbk.25&java=no |archive-date=2014-01-17}}</ref> ]]
[[Newborn]] parenting is where the responsibilities of parenthood begin. A newborn's basic needs are food, sleep, comfort, and cleaning, which the parent provides.<ref name="kidshealth.org">{{Cite web |title=A Guide for First-Time Parents (for Parents) |url=https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/guide-parents.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=kidshealth.org |language=english}}</ref> An infant's only form of communication is crying, while there is some argument that infants have different types of cries for being hungry or in pain, that has largely been refuted.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seifman |first=Debra |date=2017-06-15 |title=Parenting the Crying Infant |journal=Current Opinion in Psychology |volume=15 |pages=149–154 |doi=10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.009 |pmid=28685155 |pmc=5494986 }}</ref> Newborns and young infants require feedings every few hours, which is disruptive to adult [[Sleep cycle#Stages of sleep|sleep cycles]]. They respond enthusiastically to soft stroking, cuddling, and caressing. Gentle rocking back and forth often calms a crying infant, as do massages and warm baths.<ref name="kidshealth.org"/> Newborns may comfort themselves by sucking their thumb or by using a [[pacifier]]. The need to suckle is instinctive and allows newborns to feed. [[Breastfeeding]] is the recommended method of feeding by all major infant health organizations.<ref name="AAP_Policy">{{cite journal | title=Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk | author=Gartner LM |author2=Morton J |author3=Lawrence RA |author4=Naylor AJ |author5=O'Hare D |author6=Schanler RJ |author7=Eidelman AI | journal=Pediatrics | volume = 115 | issue=2 |date=February 2005 | pages=496–506 | doi=10.1542/peds.2004-2491 | pmid=15687461|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free }}</ref> If breastfeeding is not possible or desired, bottle feeding is a common alternative. Other alternatives include feeding breastmilk or formula with a cup, spoon, feeding syringe, or nursing supplement.

The forming of [[attachment in children|attachments]] is considered the foundation of the infant's capacity to form and conduct relationships throughout life. Attachment is not the same as love or affection, although they often go together. Attachments develop immediately, and a lack of attachment or a seriously disrupted attachment has the potential to cause severe damage to a child's health and well-being. Physically, one may not see symptoms or indications of a disorder, but the child may be affected emotionally. Studies show that children with secure attachments have the ability to form successful relationships, express themselves on an interpersonal basis, and have higher self-esteem.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=van der Voort|first1=Anja|last2=Juffer|first2=Femmie|last3=J. Bakermans-Kranenburg|first3=Marian|date=2014-01-01|editor-last=Barlow|editor-first=Jane|title=Sensitive parenting is the foundation for secure attachment relationships and positive social-emotional development of children|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/JCS-12-2013-0038|journal=Journal of Children's Services|volume=9|issue=2|pages=165–176|doi=10.1108/JCS-12-2013-0038|issn=1746-6660}}</ref> Conversely children who have neglectful or emotionally unavailable caregivers can exhibit behavioral problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder or [[oppositional defiant disorder]].<ref>SS, Hamilton. "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 October 2008. Web. 13 March 2013.</ref> Oppositional-defiant disorder is a pattern of disobedient and rebellious behavior toward authority figures.