Editing Outer space (section)

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist
|refs =
<ref name=bogota1976>{{citation | postscript=.
 | author=Representatives of the States traversed by the Equator
 | title = Declaration of the first meeting of equatorial countries
 | date=December 3, 1976
 | location=Bogota, Republic of Colombia
 | work=Space Law | publisher=JAXA
 | url = http://www.jaxa.jp/library/space_law/chapter_2/2-2-1-2_e.html | url-status=live
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124065449/http://www.jaxa.jp/library/space_law/chapter_2/2-2-1-2_e.html
 | access-date=2011-10-14 | archive-date=November 24, 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=aasl31_2006>{{citation | postscript=.
 | title=Who Owns the Geostationary Orbit?
 | first=Thomas | last=Gangale
 | journal=Annals of Air and Space Law
 | volume=31 | year=2006
 | url=http://pweb.jps.net/~gangale/opsa/ir/WhoOwnsGeostationaryOrbit.htm
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927091830/http://pweb.jps.net/~gangale/opsa/ir/WhoOwnsGeostationaryOrbit.htm
 | access-date=2011-10-14 | archive-date=2011-09-27 }}</ref>

<ref name=nasa_wmap>{{citation | postscript=.
 | title=What is the Universe Made Of?
 | first=Edward J. | last=Wollack
 | publisher=NASA | date=June 24, 2011
 | url = http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_matter.html | url-status=live
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160726014944/http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_matter.html
 | access-date=2011-10-14 | archive-date=2016-07-26 }}</ref>

<ref name=squire2000>{{citation | first=Tom | last=Squire | date=September 27, 2000 | title=U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 | publisher=NASA | work=Thermal Protection Systems Expert and Material Properties Database | url = http://tpsx.arc.nasa.gov/cgi-perl/alt.pl | access-date=2011-10-23 | postscript=.  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111015062917/http://tpsx.arc.nasa.gov/cgi-perl/alt.pl | archive-date=October 15, 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=fitzpatrick2004>{{citation | postscript=.
 | last=Fitzpatrick | first=E. L.
 | contribution=Interstellar Extinction in the Milky Way Galaxy
 | title=Astrophysics of Dust | series=ASP Conference Series
 | editor1-first=Adolf N. | editor1-last=Witt
 | editor2-first=Geoffrey C. | editor2-last=Clayton
 | editor3-first=Bruce T. | editor3-last=Draine
 | volume=309 | page=33 |date=May 2004
 | bibcode=2004ASPC..309...33F | arxiv=astro-ph/0401344 }}</ref>

<ref name=pasj20_230>{{citation | last=Tadokoro | first=M. | title=A Study of the Local Group by Use of the Virial Theorem | journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan | volume=20 | page=230 | year=1968 | bibcode=1968PASJ...20..230T | postscript=. }} This source estimates a density of {{nowrap|7 × 10<sup>−29</sup> g/cm<sup>3</sup>}} for the [[Local Group]]. An [[atomic mass unit]] is {{nowrap|1.66 × 10<sup>−24</sup> g}}, for roughly 40 atoms per cubic meter.</ref>

<ref name=cmaj180_13_1317>{{citation | display-authors=1 | first1=David | last1=Williams | first2=Andre | last2=Kuipers | first3=Chiaki | last3=Mukai | first4=Robert | last4=Thirsk | title=Acclimation during space flight: effects on human physiology | journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal | date=June 23, 2009 | volume=180 | issue=13 | pages=1317–1323 | doi=10.1503/cmaj.090628 | pmid=19509005 | postscript=. | pmc=2696527 }}</ref>

<ref name=nsbri_radiation>{{citation | postscript=.
 | title=Radiation Effects
 | first=Ann R. | last=Kennedy
 | publisher=National Space Biological Research Institute
 | url=http://www.nsbri.org/SCIENCE-and-TECHNOLOGY/Radiation-Effects/ | url-status=live
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103195825/http://www.nsbri.org/SCIENCE-and-TECHNOLOGY/Radiation-Effects/
 | access-date=2011-12-16  | archive-date=2012-01-03 }}</ref>

<ref name=sas4_11_1013>{{citation | postscript=.
 | title=The hazards of space travel
 | first=Richard B. | last=Setlow
 | journal=Science and Society
 | volume=4 | issue=11 | pages=1013–1016 | date=November 2003
 | doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7400016
 | pmid=14593437 | pmc=1326386 }}</ref>

<ref name=curtis_and_Letaw>{{citation
| last1= Curtis | first1=S. B. | last2= Letaw | first2=J. W. | year=1989 | title=Galactic cosmic rays and cell-hit frequencies outside the magnetosphere | journal=Advances in Space Research | pages=293–298 | volume=9 | issue=10 | bibcode=1989AdSpR...9c.293C | doi=10.1016/0273-1177(89)90452-3 | pmid=11537306 }}</ref>

<ref name=bmj286>{{citation | first1=R. M. | last1=Harding | first2=F. J. | last2=Mills | title=Aviation medicine. Problems of altitude I: hypoxia and hyperventilation | journal=British Medical Journal | volume=286 | issue=6375 | pages=1408–1410 | doi=10.1136/bmj.286.6375.1408 | pmid=6404482 | date=April 30, 1983 | postscript=. | pmc=1547870 }}</ref>

<ref name=jramc157_1_85>{{citation | postscript=.
 | title=Acute exposure to altitude
 | last=Hodkinson | first=P. D.
 | journal=Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
 | date=March 2011 | volume=157 | issue=1 | pages=85–91 
 | doi=10.1136/jramc-157-01-15 | s2cid=43248662 | pmid=21465917
 | url=http://www.ramcjournal.com/2011/mar11/hodkinson.pdf
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426054930/http://www.ramcjournal.com/2011/mar11/hodkinson.pdf
 | archive-date=2012-04-26 |access-date=2011-12-16 }}</ref>

<ref name=garros>{{citation | postscript=.
 | title=Index of Online General Assembly Resolutions Relating to Outer Space
 | publisher=United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
 | year=2011
 | url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/SpaceLaw/gares/index.html | url-status=live
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115120820/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/SpaceLaw/gares/index.html
 | access-date=2009-12-30 | archive-date=2010-01-15 }}</ref>

<ref name=petty20030213>{{citation | postscript=. 
 | title=Entry | work=Human Spaceflight | publisher=NASA
 | first=John Ira | last=Petty | date=February 13, 2003
 | url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/shutref/events/entry/
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027174930/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/shutref/events/entry/
 | access-date=2011-12-16
 | archive-date=October 27, 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=thompton20090409>{{citation | postscript=.
 | title=Edge of Space Found
 | first1=Andrea | last1=Thompson
 | date=April 9, 2009 | publisher=space.com
 | url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/090409-edge-space.html | url-status=live
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714002304/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/090409-edge-space.html
 | access-date=2009-06-19 | archive-date=July 14, 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name=jgr114>{{citation | display-authors=1 | first1=L. | last1=Sangalli | first2=D. J. | last2=Knudsen | first3=M. F. | last3=Larsen | first4=T. | last4=Zhan | first5=R. F. | last5=Pfaff | first6=D. | last6=Rowland | year=2009 | title=Rocket-based measurements of ion velocity, neutral wind, and electric field in the collisional transition region of the auroral ionosphere | journal=Journal of Geophysical Research | volume=114 | issue=A4 | pages=A04306 | doi=10.1029/2008JA013757 | bibcode=2009JGRA..114.4306S | postscript=. | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=shiner20071101>{{citation | postscript=.
 | title=X-15 Walkaround
 | first=Linda | last=Shiner
 | date=November 1, 2007
 | publisher=Air & Space Magazine
 | url=http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/x-15_walkaround.html
 | access-date=2009-06-19 }}</ref>

<ref name=harper2001>{{citation | postscript=.
 | title=Space | date=November 2001
 | first=Douglas | last=Harper
 | publisher=The Online Etymology Dictionary
 | url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=space | url-status=live
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224134354/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=space
 | access-date=2009-06-19 | archive-date=2009-02-24 }}</ref>

<ref name=jafelice_opher1992>{{citation | title=The origin of intergalactic magnetic fields due to extragalactic jets |date=July 1992 | last1=Jafelice | first1=Luiz C. | last2=Opher | first2=Reuven | journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | volume=257 | issue=1 | pages=135–151 | bibcode=1992MNRAS.257..135J | postscript=. | doi= 10.1093/mnras/257.1.135 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=wadsley2002>{{citation | display-authors=1 | first1=James W. | last1=Wadsley | first2=Marcelo I. | last2=Ruetalo | first3=J. Richard | last3=Bond | first4=Carlo R. | last4=Contaldi | first5=Hugh M. P. | last5=Couchman | first6=Joachim | last6=Stadel | first7=Thomas R. | last7=Quinn | first8=Michael D. | last8=Gladders | url=http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap020820.html | title=The Universe in Hot Gas | work=Astronomy Picture of the Day | date=August 20, 2002 | publisher=NASA | access-date=2009-06-19 | postscript=. | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609150938/http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap020820.html | archive-date=June 9, 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name=asp2003>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Flynn | first1=G. J. | last2=Keller | first2=L. P. | last3=Jacobsen | first3=C. | last4=Wirick | first4=S. | contribution=The Origin of Organic Matter in the Solar System: Evidence from the Interplanetary Dust Particles | title=Bioastronomy 2002: Life Among the Stars, Proceedings of IAU Symposium No. 213 | volume=213 | page=275 | editor1-first=R. | editor1-last=Norris | editor2-first=F. | editor2-last=Stootman | year=2003 | bibcode=2004IAUS..213..275F | postscript=. }}</ref>

<ref name=ssr69_3_215>{{citation | last1=Johnson | first1=R. E. | title=Plasma-Induced Sputtering of an Atmosphere | journal=Space Science Reviews | volume=69 | issue=3–4 | pages=215–253 |date=August 1994 | doi=10.1007/BF02101697 | bibcode=1994SSRv...69..215J | s2cid=121800711 | postscript=. }}</ref>

<ref name=krebs_pilmanis1996>{{citation | first1=Matthew B. | last1=Krebs | first2=Andrew A. | last2=Pilmanis | date=November 1996 | publisher=United States Air Force Armstrong Laboratory | title=Human pulmonary tolerance to dynamic over-pressure | url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA318718.pdf | access-date=2011-12-23 | postscript=. | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130045759/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA318718 | archive-date=2012-11-30 }}</ref>

<ref name=slsa>{{citation | first1=John | last1=Kennewell | first2=Andrew | last2=McDonald | year=2011 | publisher=Commonwealth of Australia Bureau of Weather, Space Weather Branch | title=Satellite Lifetimes and Solar Activity | url=http://www.ips.gov.au/Educational/1/3/8 | access-date=2011-12-31 | postscript=. | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228025141/http://www.ips.gov.au/Educational/1/3/8 | archive-date=2011-12-28 }}</ref>

<ref name=yoder1995>{{citation | postscript=.
 | contribution=Astrometric and Geodetic Properties of Earth and the Solar System
 | last=Yoder | first=Charles F.
 | title=Global earth physics a handbook of physical constants
 | editor1-first=Thomas J. | editor1-last=Ahrens
 | series=AGU reference shelf Series
 | page=1 | year=1995 | volume=1 | isbn=978-0-87590-851-9
 | publisher=American Geophysical Union |location=Washington, DC
 | bibcode=1995geph.conf....1Y
 | url=http://terra.sgt-inc.com/pub/jmccarth/GEODYN_class/class_materials_DVD/references/4_yoder.pdf |access-date=2011-12-31
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426082632/http://terra.sgt-inc.com/pub/jmccarth/GEODYN_class/class_materials_DVD/references/4_yoder.pdf
 | archive-date=April 26, 2012
}}. This work lists a Hill sphere radius of 234.9 times the [[mean radius]] of Earth, or {{val|234.9|×|6,371|u=km}} = 1.5&nbsp;million km.</ref>

<ref name=esa105>{{citation | last1=Landgraf | first1=M. | last2=Jehn | first2=R. | last3=Flury | first3=W. | last4=Fridlund | first4=M. | last5=Karlsson | first5=A. | last6=Léger | first6=A. | display-authors=1 | title=IRSI/Darwin: peering through the interplanetary dust cloud | journal=ESA Bulletin | volume=105 | issue=105 | pages=60–63 |date=February 2001 | bibcode=2001ESABu.105...60L|arxiv = astro-ph/0103288 | postscript=.  }}</ref>

<ref name=maccone2001>{{citation
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 | title=Exo-/astro-biology. Proceedings of the First European Workshop
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 | editor2-first=O. | editor2-last=Angerer
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 | isbn=978-92-9092-806-5 | volume=496
 | pages=277–280 |date=August 2001
 | bibcode=2001ESASP.496..277M | postscript=. }}</ref>

<ref name=chapman1991>{{citation | first=Glenn | last=Chapmann | editor1-first=R. | editor1-last=Blackledge | editor2-first=C. | editor2-last=Radfield | editor3-first=S. | editor3-last=Seida | contribution=Space: the Ideal Place to Manufacture Microchips | title=Proceedings of the 10th International Space Development Conference | location=San Antonio, Texas | date=May 22–27, 1991 | pages=25–33 | url=http://deneb.ensc.sfu.ca/papers/sdc-91w.pdf | access-date=2010-01-12 | postscript=.  | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706202903/http://deneb.ensc.sfu.ca/papers/sdc-91w.pdf | archive-date=2011-07-06 }}</ref>

<ref name=ssr13_2_199>{{citation | title=History of the Use of Balloons in Scientific Experiments | last=Pfotzer | first=G. |date=June 1972 | journal=Space Science Reviews | volume=13 | issue=2 | pages=199–242 | doi=10.1007/BF00175313 | bibcode=1972SSRv...13..199P | s2cid=120710485 | postscript=. }}</ref>

<ref name=rmp83_3_907>{{citation | last1=Letessier-Selvon | first1=Antoine | last2=Stanev | first2=Todor | title=Ultrahigh energy cosmic rays | journal=Reviews of Modern Physics | volume=83 | issue=3 | pages=907–942 |date=July 2011 | doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.83.907 | bibcode=2011RvMP...83..907L | postscript=. |arxiv = 1103.0031 | s2cid=119237295 }}</ref>

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<ref name=apj707_2_916>{{citation | postscript=.
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<ref name=aj89_1461>{{citation | last1=Krumm | first1=N. | last2=Brosch | first2=N. | title=Neutral hydrogen in cosmic voids | journal=Astronomical Journal | volume=89 | pages=1461–1463 |date=October 1984 | doi=10.1086/113647 | bibcode=1984AJ.....89.1461K | postscript=. | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=ssr134_1_141>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Bykov | first1=A. M. | last2=Paerels | first2=F. B. S. | last3=Petrosian | first3=V. | title=Equilibration Processes in the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium | journal=Space Science Reviews | volume=134 | issue=1–4 | pages=141–153 |date=February 2008 | doi=10.1007/s11214-008-9309-4 | bibcode=2008SSRv..134..141B | postscript=. |arxiv = 0801.1008 | s2cid=17801881 }}</ref>

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<ref name=csiro_20041025>{{citation | title=Cepheid Variable Stars & Distance Determination | publisher=CSIRO Australia | date=October 25, 2004 | url=http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/variable_cepheids.html | access-date=2011-09-12 | postscript=. | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830013526/http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/variable_cepheids.html | archive-date=August 30, 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=nature127_3210_706>{{citation | postscript=.
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<ref name=am39_376>{{citation
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<ref name=unoosa2>{{citation |date=March 23, 2017 |title=Status of International Agreements relating to activities in outer space as of 1 January 2017 |publisher=United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs/ Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space |url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/spacelaw/treatystatus/AC105_C2_2017_CRP07E.pdf |access-date=2018-03-22 |postscript=.  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322130911/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/spacelaw/treatystatus/AC105_C2_2017_CRP07E.pdf |archive-date=March 22, 2018 }}</ref>

<ref name=unoosa>{{citation |date=January 1, 2008 |title=Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies |publisher=United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/SpaceLaw/outerspt.html |access-date=2009-12-30 |postscript=.  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427091708/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/SpaceLaw/outerspt.html |archive-date=April 27, 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=esf20071105>{{citation|title=Columbus launch puts space law to the test |date=November 5, 2007 |publisher=European Science Foundation |url=http://www.esf.org/research-areas/humanities/news/ext-news-singleview/article/columbus-launch-puts-space-law-to-the-test-358.html |access-date=2009-12-30 |postscript=.  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215174524/http://www.esf.org/research-areas/humanities/news/ext-news-singleview/article/columbus-launch-puts-space-law-to-the-test-358.html |archive-date=December 15, 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name=phillips2009>{{citation | first=Tony | last=Phillips | publisher=NASA | title=Cosmic Rays Hit Space Age High | date=September 29, 2009 | url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/29sep_cosmicrays.htm | access-date=2009-10-20 | postscript=.  | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014035616/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/29sep_cosmicrays.htm | archive-date=2009-10-14 }}</ref>

<ref name="entymonline">{{citation | postscript=.
 | title=Outer
 | first=Douglas | last=Harper
 | work=Online Etymology Dictionary
 | url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=outer+space&searchmode=none | url-status=live
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312043648/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=outer+space&searchmode=none
 | access-date=2008-03-24 | archive-date=2010-03-12 }}</ref>

<ref name=geospace>{{citation | first1=Paul | last1=Kintner | author2=GMDT Committee and Staff | url=http://ilwsonline.org/lwsgeospace_cospar.pdf | title=Report of the Living With a Star Geospace Mission Definition Team | date=September 2002 | publisher=NASA | access-date=2012-04-15 | postscript=. | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102115356/http://ilwsonline.org/lwsgeospace_cospar.pdf | archive-date=2012-11-02 }}</ref>

<ref name=portree_loftus1999>{{citation|first1=David |last1=Portree |first2=Joseph |last2=Loftus |title=Orbital Debris: A Chronology |journal=NASA Sti/Recon Technical Report N |publisher=NASA | year=1999 |volume=99 |page=13 |bibcode=1999STIN...9941786P |url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |access-date=2012-05-05 |postscript=.  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901071135/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf |archive-date=2000-09-01 }}</ref>

<ref name=apj325_442>{{citation | postscript=.
 | title=The temperature structure, mass, and energy flow in the corona and inner solar wind
 | last=Withbroe | first=George L.
 | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 1
 | volume=325 |date=February 1988 | pages=442–467
 | doi=10.1086/166015 | bibcode=1988ApJ...325..442W }}</ref>

<ref name=bow>{{citation | postscript=.
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