Editing Odyssey (section)

== Legacy ==
{{see also|Category:Works based on the Odyssey|label1=Category:Works based on the ''Odyssey''}}
{{see also|Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey|label1=Parallels between Virgil's ''Aeneid'' and Homer's ''Iliad'' and ''Odyssey''}}
[[File:JoyceUlysses2.jpg|thumb|Front cover of [[James Joyce]]'s ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]''|alt=]]
The influence of the Homeric texts can be difficult to summarise because of how greatly they have affected the popular imagination and cultural values.{{sfn|Kenner|1971|p=50}} The ''Odyssey'' and the ''Iliad'' formed the basis of education for members of ancient Mediterranean society. That curriculum was adopted by Western humanists,{{sfn|Hall|2008|p=25}} meaning the text was so much a part of the cultural fabric that it became irrelevant whether an individual had read it.{{sfn|Ruskin|1868|loc=p. 17, "All Greek gentlemen were educated under Homer. All Roman gentlemen, by Greek literature. All Italian, and French, and English gentlemen, by Roman literature, and by its principles."}} As such, the influence of the ''Odyssey'' has reverberated through over a millennium of writing. The poem topped a poll of experts by ''[[BBC]] Culture'' to find literature's most enduring narrative.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Haynes |first=Natalie |author-link=Natalie Haynes |date=22 May 2018 |title=The Greatest Tale Ever Told? |website=[[BBC Culture]]  |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20180521-the-greatest-tale-ever-told |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619135051/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20180521-the-greatest-tale-ever-told |archive-date=19 June 2020 }}</ref> It is widely regarded by western literary critics as a timeless classic,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cartwright |first=Mark |date=15 March 2017 |title=Odyssey |publisher=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |url=http://www.worldhistory.org/Odyssey/ |access-date=29 July 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704162738/http://www.ancient.eu/Odyssey/ |archive-date=4 July 2017 }}</ref> and it remains one of the oldest works of literature regularly read by Western audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=North |first=Anna |date=20 November 2017 |title=Historically, men translated the Odyssey. Here's what happened when a woman took the job |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |access-date=29 July 2022 |url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/11/20/16651634/odyssey-emily-wilson-translation-first-woman-english |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627123124/https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/11/20/16651634/odyssey-emily-wilson-translation-first-woman-english |archive-date=27 June 2020 }}</ref> As an [[imaginary voyage]], it is considered a distant forerunner of the [[science fiction]] genre, and, says [[science fiction scholar]] [[Brian Stableford]], "there are more science-fictional transfigurations of the ''Odyssey'' than of any other literary text".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stableford |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Stableford |title=[[Anatomy of Wonder]]: A Critical Guide to Science Fiction |date=2004 |publisher=Libraries unlimited |isbn=978-1-59158-171-0 |editor-last=Barron |editor-first=Neil |editor-link=Neil Barron |edition=5th |location=Westport, Connecticut |pages=5 |language=en |chapter=The Emergence of Science Fiction, 1516–1914 |orig-date=1976}}</ref>

=== English translations ===
{{main|English translations of Homer}}
{{see also|Odyssey (George Chapman translation)|Odyssey (Alexander Pope translation)|Odyssey (Emily Wilson translation)}}

[[George Chapman]]'s [[Odyssey (George Chapman translation)|English translations of the ''Odyssey'']] and the ''Iliad'', published together in 1616 but serialised earlier, were the first to enjoy widespread success. The texts had been published in translation before, with some translated not from the original Greek.{{Sfn|Fay|1952|p=104}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Myrsiades |first1=Kostas |last2=Pinsker |first2=Sanford |date=1976 |title=A Bibliographical Guide to Teaching the Homeric Epics in College Courses |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25111144 |url-status=live |journal=College Literature |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=237–259 |issn=0093-3139 |jstor=25111144 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231005736/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25111144 |archive-date=31 December 2022 |access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref> Chapman worked on these for a large part of his life.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brammall |first=Sheldon |date=1 July 2018 |title=George Chapman: Homer's Iliad, edited by Robert S. Miola; Homer's Odyssey, edited by Gordon Kendal |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/tal.2018.0339 |url-status=live |journal=Translation and Literature |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=223–231 |doi=10.3366/tal.2018.0339 |issn=0968-1361 |s2cid=165293864 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231123237/https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/tal.2018.0339 |archive-date=31 December 2022 |access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref> In 1581, Arthur Hall translated the first 10 books of the ''Iliad'' from a French version.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marlborough.) |first=George Spencer Churchill (Duke of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIO3q3xx7n8C&dq=Arthur+Hall+odyssey&pg=RA3-PA11 |title=Bibliotheca Blandfordiensis. [A Catalogue.] 9 Fasc. (Catalogus Librorum Qui Bibliothecae Blandfordiensis Nuper Additi Sunt. 1814.). |date=1814 |pages=11 |language=en |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813013148/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIO3q3xx7n8C&dq=Arthur+Hall+odyssey&pg=RA3-PA11 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chapman's translations persisted in popularity, and are often remembered today through [[John Keats]]' sonnet  "[[On First Looking into Chapman's Homer]]" (1816).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grafton |first1=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC |title=The Classical Tradition |last2=Most |first2=Glenn W. |last3=Settis |first3=Salvatore |date=25 October 2010 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-03572-0 |pages=331 |language=en}}</ref> Years after completing his translation of the ''Iliad'', [[Alexander Pope]] began to translate the ''Odyssey'' because of his financial situation. His second translation was not received as favourably as the first.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baines |first=Paul |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48139753 |title=The Complete Critical Guide to Alexander Pope |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |isbn=0-203-16993-X |location=London |pages=25 |oclc=48139753 |access-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524071911/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48139753 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> 
 
[[Emily Wilson (classicist)|Emily Wilson]], a professor of [[Classics|classical studies]] at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], notes that as late as the first decade of the 21st century, almost all of the most prominent translators of Greek and Roman literature had been men.<ref name="Wilson2017">{{Cite news |last=Wilson |first=Emily |date=7 July 2017 |title=Found in Translation: How Women are Making the Classics Their Own |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jul/07/women-classics-translation-female-scholars-translators |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729234906/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jul/07/women-classics-translation-female-scholars-translators |archive-date=29 July 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> She calls her experience of producing [[The Odyssey (Emily Wilson translation)|her translation]] one of "intimate alienation".<ref name="Wilson2017" /> Wilson writes that this has affected the popular conception of characters and events of the ''Odyssey,''{{sfn|Wilson|2018|p=86}} inflecting the story with connotations not present in the original text: "For instance, in the scene where Telemachus oversees the hanging of the slaves who have been sleeping with the suitors, most translations introduce derogatory language ('sluts' or 'whores'){{nbsp}}... The original Greek does not label these slaves with derogatory language."{{sfn|Wilson|2018|p=86}} In the original Greek, the word used is ''hai'', the feminine article, equivalent to "those female people".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Wilson |first=Emily |date=8 December 2017 |title=A Translator's Reckoning With the Women of The Odyssey |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/a-translators-reckoning-with-the-women-of-the-odyssey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806144049/https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/a-translators-reckoning-with-the-women-of-the-odyssey |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=29 July 2022 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
In Canto XXVI of the ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', [[Dante Alighieri]] meets Odysseus in the [[Malebolge|eighth circle of hell]], where Odysseus appends a new ending to the ''Odyssey'' in which he never returns to Ithaca and instead continues his restless adventuring.{{sfn|Mayor|2000|p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}}} [[Edith Hall]] suggests that Dante's depiction of Odysseus became understood as a manifestation of [[Renaissance]] [[colonialism]] and [[Other (philosophy)|othering]], with the cyclops standing in for "accounts of monstrous races on the edge of the world", and his defeat as symbolising "the Roman domination of the western Mediterranean".{{sfn|Reece|1993|p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}}} Some of Odysseus's adventures reappear in the Arabic tales of [[Sinbad the Sailor]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sinbad the Sailor |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sindbad-the-Sailor |website=Encyclopedia Brittanica |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Burton |first1=Richard |title=The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night Volume VI |date=1885 |publisher=The Burton Club; Oxford |page=40 |url=https://ia801607.us.archive.org/34/items/arabiantranslat06burtuoft/arabiantranslat06burtuoft.pdf}}</ref>

The Irish writer [[James Joyce]]'s [[Literary modernism|modernist]] novel [[Ulysses (novel)|''Ulysses'']] (1922) was significantly influenced by the ''Odyssey''. Joyce had encountered the figure of Odysseus in [[Charles Lamb]]'s ''Adventures of Ulysses'', an adaptation of the epic poem for children, which seems to have established the Latin name in Joyce's mind.{{sfn|Gorman|1939|p=45}}{{sfn|Jaurretche|2005|p=29}} ''Ulysses,'' a re-telling of the ''Odyssey'' set in [[Dublin]], is divided into eighteen sections ("episodes") which can be mapped roughly onto the twenty-four books of the ''Odyssey''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Drabble |editor-first=Margaret |year=1995 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to English Literature |entry=Ulysses |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-866221-1 |page=1023 }}</ref> Joyce claimed familiarity with the original Homeric Greek, but this has been disputed by some scholars, who cite his poor grasp of the language as evidence to the contrary.{{sfn|Ames|2005|loc=p. 17, "First of all, Joyce did own and read Homer in the original Greek, but his expertise was so minimal that he cannot justly be said to have known Homer in the original. Any typical young classical scholar in the second year of studying Greek would already possess more faculty with Homer than Joyce ever managed to achieve."}} The book, and especially its [[stream of consciousness]] prose, is widely considered foundational to the modernist genre.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Williams |editor-first=Linda R. |year=1992 |title=The Bloomsbury Guides to English Literature: The Twentieth Century |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |pages=108–109 }}</ref>

Modern writers have revisited the ''Odyssey'' to highlight the poem's female characters. Canadian writer [[Margaret Atwood]] adapted parts of the ''Odyssey'' for her novella ''[[The Penelopiad]]'' (2005). The novella focuses on Penelope and the twelve female slaves hanged by Odysseus at the poem's ending,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Beard|first=Mary|date=28 October 2005|title=Review: Helen of Troy {{!}} Weight {{!}} The Penelopiad {{!}} Songs on Bronze |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/oct/29/highereducation.classics|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=26 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326055559/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/oct/29/highereducation.classics|url-status=live}}</ref> an image which haunted Atwood.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|date=28 October 2005|title=Margaret Atwood: A personal odyssey and how she rewrote Homer|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/margaret-atwood-a-personal-odyssey-and-how-she-rewrote-homer-322675.html|website=[[The Independent]] |archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707112443/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/margaret-atwood-a-personal-odyssey-and-how-she-rewrote-homer-322675.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Atwood's novella comments on the original text, wherein Odysseus' successful return to Ithaca symbolises the restoration of a [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] system.<ref name="auto2"/> Similarly, [[Madeline Miller]]'s ''[[Circe (novel)|Circe]]'' (2018) revisits the relationship between Odysseus and Circe on Aeaea.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 April 2018|title=Circe by Madeline Miller review – myth, magic and single motherhood|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/21/circe-by-madeline-miller-review|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614111203/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/21/circe-by-madeline-miller-review|url-status=live}}</ref> As a reader, Miller was frustrated by Circe's lack of motivation in the original poem and sought to explain her capriciousness.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Circe' Gets A New Motivation|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/04/15/602605359/circe-gets-a-new-motivation|website=NPR.org|language=en|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425180413/https://www.npr.org/2018/04/15/602605359/circe-gets-a-new-motivation|url-status=live}}</ref> The novel recontextualises the sorceress' transformations of sailors into pigs from an act of malice into one of self-defence, given that she has no superhuman strength with which to repel attackers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Messud|first=Claire|date=28 May 2018|title=December's Book Club Pick: Turning Circe Into a Good Witch (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/28/books/review/circe-madeline-miller.html|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906104718/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/28/books/review/circe-madeline-miller.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Film and television===
* ''[[L'Odissea (1911 film)|L'Odissea]]'' (1911) is an Italian silent film by [[Giuseppe de Liguoro]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Luzzi|first=Joseph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKPODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|title=Italian Cinema from the Silent Screen to the Digital Image|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2020|isbn=9781441195616}}</ref>
* ''[[Ulysses (1954 film)|Ulysses]]'' (1954) is an Italian film adaptation starring [[Kirk Douglas]] as Ulysses, [[Silvana Mangano]] as Penelope and Circe, and [[Anthony Quinn]] as Antinous.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Wendy S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wR1ru604KPYC&pg=PA3 |title=World History On The Screen: Film And Video Resources:grade 10–12 |last2=Herman |first2=Gerald H. |publisher=Walch Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8251-4615-2 |page=3  |archive-date=5 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105061127/https://books.google.com/books?id=wR1ru604KPYC&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[The Odyssey (1968 miniseries)|L'Odissea]]'' (1968) is an Italian-French-German-Yugoslavian television miniseries praised for its faithful rendering of the original epic.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Garcia Morcillo |first1=Marta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DaugBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |title=Imagining Ancient Cities in Film: From Babylon to Cinecittà |last2=Hanesworth |first2=Pauline |last3=Lapeña Marchena |first3=Óscar |date=11 February 2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-01317-2 |page=139 }}</ref>
* ''[[Ulysses 31]]'' (1981–1982) is a French-Japanese television animated series set in the futuristic 31st century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ulysses 31 [Ulysse 31] |url=http://omc.obta.al.uw.edu.pl/myth-survey/item/343 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=Our Mythical Childhood Survey}}</ref>
* ''[[Nostos: The Return]]'' (1989) is an Italian film about Odysseus' homecoming. Directed by [[Franco Piavoli]], it relies on visual storytelling and has a strong focus on nature.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lapeña Marchena |first=Óscar |year=2018 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N78-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |chapter=Ulysses in the Cinema: The Example of ''Nostos, il ritorno'' (Franco Piavoli, Italy, 1990) |editor-last=Rovira Guardiola |editor-first=Rosario |title=The Ancient Mediterranean Sea in Modern Visual and Performing Arts: Sailing in Troubled Waters |series=Imagines – Classical Receptions in the Visual and Performing Arts |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |page=98 |isbn=978-1-4742-9859-9 }}</ref> 
* ''[[Ulysses' Gaze]]'' (1995), directed by Theo Angelopoulos, has many of the elements of the ''Odyssey'' set against the backdrop of the most recent and previous [[Balkan Wars]].<ref name="The Classical Tradition">{{Cite book |last1=Grafton |first1=Anthony |title=The Classical Tradition |last2=Most |first2=Glenn W. |last3=Settis |first3=Salvatore |date=2010 |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-03572-0 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England |page=653}}</ref>
* ''[[The Odyssey (1997 miniseries)|The Odyssey]]'' (1997) is a television miniseries directed by [[Andrei Konchalovsky]] and starring [[Armand Assante]] as Odysseus and [[Greta Scacchi]] as Penelope.{{sfn|Roman|2005|p=267}}
* ''[[O Brother, Where Art Thou?]]'' (2000) is a [[Crime film|crime]] [[comedy drama]] film written, produced, co-edited and directed by the [[Coen brothers]] and is very loosely based on Homer's poem.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siegel |first=Janice |date=2007 |title=The Coens' O Brother, Where Art Thou? and Homer's Odyssey |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/247584 |url-status=live |journal=Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=213–245 |doi=10.1353/mou.0.0029 |issn=1913-5416 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806081425/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/247584 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |s2cid=163006295}}</ref>
* ''[[The Return (2024 film)|The Return]]'' (2024) is a film based on Books 13-24, directed by [[Uberto Pasolini]] and starring [[Ralph Fiennes]] as Odysseus and [[Juliette Binoche]] as Penelope.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/juliette-binoche-ralph-fiennes-the-return-pasolini-1235243530|title='English Patient' Stars Juliette Binoche, Ralph Fiennes Will Reunite in 'The Return,' a Gritty Take on 'The Odyssey'|website=Variety|date=28 April 2023|first=Manori|last=Ravindran|accessdate=3 June 2023|archive-date=16 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216174050/https://variety.com/2022/film/global/juliette-binoche-ralph-fiennes-the-return-pasolini-1235243530/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[The Odyssey (2026 film)|The Odyssey]]'' (2026), written and directed by [[Christopher Nolan]], will be based on the books and is slated to be released in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=23 December 2024 |title=Christopher Nolan's Next Film Is An Adaptation Of Homer's 'The Odyssey,' Universal Reveals |url=https://deadline.com/2024/12/christopher-nolan-the-odyssey-confirmed-directors-new-film-universal-1236241340/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223222535/https://deadline.com/2024/12/christopher-nolan-the-odyssey-confirmed-directors-new-film-universal-1236241340/ |archive-date=23 December 2024 |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

=== Opera and music ===
{{see also|Category:Operas based on the Odyssey}}
* ''[[Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria]]'', first performed in 1640, is an opera by [[Claudio Monteverdi]] based on the second half of Homer's ''Odyssey''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Monteverdi's 'The Return of Ulysses' |url=https://www.npr.org/2007/03/23/9078832/monteverdis-the-return-of-ulysses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224131808/http://www.npr.org/2007/03/23/9078832/monteverdis-the-return-of-ulysses |archive-date=2017-02-24 |newspaper=NPR|date=23 March 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Rolf Riehm]] composed an opera based on the myth, ''[[Sirenen|Sirenen – Bilder des Begehrens und des Vernichtens]]'' (''Sirens – Images of Desire and Destruction''), which premiered at the [[Oper Frankfurt]] in 2014.<ref name="Griffel">{{Cite book |last=Griffel |first=Margaret Ross |title=Operas in German: A Dictionary |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4422-4797-0 |page=448 |chapter=Sirenen |author-link=Margaret Ross Griffel |entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-xEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA448 |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813013154/https://books.google.com/books?id=H-xEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA448 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Robert W. Smith (musician)|Robert W. Smith]]'s second symphony for concert band, ''The Odyssey'', tells four of the main highlights of the story in the piece's four movements: "The Iliad", "The Winds of Poseidon", "The Isle of Calypso", and "Ithaca".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Iliad (from The Odyssey (Symphony No. 2)) |url=https://www.alfred.com/the-iliad-from-the-odyssey-symphony-no-2/p/00-BDM00052/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808130104/https://www.alfred.com/the-iliad-from-the-odyssey-symphony-no-2/p/00-BDM00052/ |archive-date=8 August 2020 |website=www.alfred.com}}</ref>
* Jean-Claude Gallota's ballet ''[[Ulysse (ballet)|Ulysse]]'',<ref name="LeMoal">[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k12005041/f629 Entrée ''Ulysse''], Philippe Le Moal, ''Dictionnaire de la danse'' (in French), [[éditions Larousse]], 1999 {{ISBN|2035113180}}, {{p.|507}}.</ref> based on the ''Odyssey'', but also on the work by [[James Joyce]], ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]''.<ref name="RomaEuropa">[http://www.romaeuropa.net/archivio/eventi/ulysse/stile.html ''Esiste uno stile Gallotta ?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401213110/http://www.romaeuropa.net/archivio/eventi/ulysse/stile.html |date=1 April 2007 }} by Marinella Guatterini in 1994 on Romaeuropa's website (in Italian).</ref>
*Jorge Rivera-Herrans' [[sung-through]] work ''[[Epic: The Musical]]'' tells the story of the ''Odyssey'' over the course of nine "sagas", beginning with the end of the Trojan War and carrying through to Odysseus' homecoming to Ithaca.<ref name="Troy Saga">{{Cite web |last=Rabinowitz |first=Chloe |title=Epic: The Troy Saga Passes 3 Million Streams in First Week of Release |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/EPIC-THE-TROY-SAGA-Passes-3-Million-Streams-in-First-Week-of-Release-20230104 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=[[BroadwayWorld]] |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113012848/https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/EPIC-THE-TROY-SAGA-Passes-3-Million-Streams-in-First-Week-of-Release-20230104 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Music Review">{{Cite web |last=McKinnon |first=Madeline |title=Music Review: 'Epic: The Musical' |url=https://ndsuspectrum.com/music-review-epic-the-musical/ |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=The Spectrum |language=en-US |archive-date=9 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109021335/https://ndsuspectrum.com/music-review-epic-the-musical/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Sciences===
* Psychiatrist [[Jonathan Shay]] wrote two books, ''Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character '' (1994)<ref name="Achilles">Shay, Jonathan. ''Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character.'' Scribner, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-684-81321-9}}</ref> and ''Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming'' (2002),<ref name="Odysseus">Shay, Jonathan. ''Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming.'' New York: Scribner, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-7432-1157-4}}</ref> which relate the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' to [[posttraumatic stress disorder]] and [[moral injury]] as seen in the rehabilitation histories of combat veteran patients.