Editing Octopus (section)

===Pathogens and parasites===
Cephalopods are known to be the intermediate or final [[host (biology)|hosts]] of various parasitic [[Cestoda|cestodes]], [[nematode]]s and copepods; 150 species of [[protist]]an and [[metazoa]]n parasites are recognised.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pascal |first1=Santiago |last2=Gestal |first2=Camino |last3=Estevez |first3=J. |last4=Arias |first4=Christian Andrés |year=1996 |title=Parasites in commercially-exploited cephalopods (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) in Spain: An updated perspective |journal=Aquaculture |volume=142 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1016/0044-8486(96)01254-9 |bibcode=1996Aquac.142....1P }}</ref> The [[Dicyemidae]] are a family of tiny worms found in the renal appendages of many species;<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Furuya |first1=Hidetaka |last2=Tsuneki |first2=Kazuhiko |date=2003 |title=Biology of Dicyemid Mesozoans |journal=Zoological Science |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=519–532 |doi=10.2108/zsj.20.519 |pmid=12777824|s2cid=29839345 |doi-access=free }}</ref> it is unclear whether they are parasitic or [[endosymbiont]]s. [[Coccidia]]ns in the genus ''[[Aggregata]]'' living in the gut cause serious illness in the host. Octopuses have an [[innate immune system]]; their [[hemocyte (invertebrate immune system cell)|haemocytes]] locate the foreign invader and attack it via [[phagocytosis]], encapsulation, infiltration, or [[cytotoxicity]]. The haemocytes also contribute to healing injures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Castellanos-Martínez |first1=Sheila |last2=Gestal |first2=Camino |year=2013 |title=Pathogens and immune response of cephalopods |journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology |volume=447 |pages=14–22 |url=https://www.academia.edu/6443538 |doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2013.02.007 |bibcode=2013JEMBE.447...14C }}</ref> A gram-negative bacterium, ''[[Vibrio lentus]]'', can cause skin lesions, exposure of muscle and sometimes death.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Farto |first1=R. |last2=Armada |first2=S. P. |last3=Montes |first3=M. |last4=Guisande |first4=J. A. |last5=Pérez |first5=M. J. |last6=Nieto |first6=T. P. |year=2003 |title=''Vibrio lentus'' associated with diseased wild octopus (''Octopus vulgaris'') |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=149–156 |doi=10.1016/S0022-2011(03)00067-3|pmid=12788284 |bibcode=2003JInvP..83..149F }}</ref>