Editing October Revolution (section)

==Russian Civil War==
[[File:Russian civil war in the west.svg|thumb|European theatre of the [[Russian Civil War]] in 1918]]{{Main|Russian Civil War}}
Bolshevik-led attempts to gain power in other parts of the [[Russian Empire]] were largely successful in Russia proper—although the fighting in Moscow lasted for two weeks—but they were less successful in ethnically non-Russian parts of the Empire, which had been clamoring for independence since the February Revolution. For example, the Ukrainian [[Rada]], which had declared autonomy on 23 June 1917, created the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] on 20 November, which was supported by the Ukrainian Congress of Soviets. This led to an armed conflict with the Bolshevik government in Petrograd and, eventually, a [[Ukrainian State|Ukrainian declaration of independence from Russia on 25 January 1918]].<ref>See [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/S/T/StruggleforIndependence1917hD720.htm Encyclopedia of Ukraine] online</ref> In [[Estonia]], two rival governments emerged: the [[1917 Estonian Provincial Assembly election|Estonian Provincial Assembly]], established in April 1917, proclaimed itself the supreme legal authority of Estonia on 28 November 1917 and issued the [[Estonian Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] on 24 February 1918;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miljan |first=Toivo |title=Historical Dictionary of Estonia." Historical Dictionary of Estonia |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-8108-7513-5 |p=169}}</ref> but Soviet Russia recognized the executive committee of the Soviets of Estonia as the legal authority in [[Autonomous Governorate of Estonia|the province]], although the Soviets in Estonia controlled only the capital and a few other major towns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raun |first=Toivo U. |isbn=978-0-8179-2853-7 |chapter=7. The Emergence of Estonian Independence 1917–1920 |title=Estonia and the Estonians |publisher=Hoover Inst. Press |date=2002 |p=102}}</ref>

After the success of the October Revolution transformed the Russian state into a soviet republic, a coalition of anti-Bolshevik groups attempted to unseat the new government in the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1922. In an attempt to intervene in the civil war after the Bolsheviks' separate peace with the [[Central Powers]] ([[German Empire|Germany]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]]), the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] (the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[French Third Republic|France]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], the [[United States]], and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]) [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|occupied parts of the Soviet Union]] for over two years before finally withdrawing.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ward |first=John |title=With the "Die-Hards" in Siberia |date=2004 |publisher=Dodo Press |isbn=1-4099-0680-9 |page=91}}</ref> By the end of the violent civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged, and as many as 10 million perished during the war, mostly civilians.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Russian Civil War – Casualties and consequences of the war |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Russian-Civil-War/Foreign-intervention#ref283723 |date=29 May 2024}}</ref> Millions became [[White émigré]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schaufuss |first=Tatiana |date=May 1939 |title=The White Russian Refugees |journal=Annals of the [[American Academy of Political and Social Science]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |volume=203 |pages=45–54 |doi=10.1177/000271623920300106 |jstor=1021884 |s2cid=143704019}}</ref> and the [[Russian famine of 1921–1922]] claimed up to five million victims.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haller |first=Francis |date=8 December 2003 |title=Famine in Russia: the hidden horrors of 1921 |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/article/other/5rfhjy.htm |website=[[Le Temps]] |publisher=[[International Committee of the Red Cross]]}}</ref> The United States did not recognize the new Russian government until 1933. The European powers recognized the Soviet Union in the early 1920s and began to engage in business with it after the [[New Economic Policy]] (NEP) was implemented.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}