Editing Nuclear fusion (section)

===Other principles===
[[File:TCV vue gen.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Tokamak à configuration variable]]'', research fusion reactor, at the [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]] (Switzerland)]]

Some other confinement principles have been investigated.

* [[Antimatter catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion|Antimatter-initialized fusion]] uses small amounts of [[antimatter]] to trigger a tiny fusion explosion. This has been studied primarily in the context of making [[nuclear pulse propulsion]], and [[pure fusion bomb]]s feasible. This is not near becoming a practical power source, due to the cost of manufacturing antimatter alone.
* [[Pyroelectric fusion]] was reported in April 2005 by a team at [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]]. The scientists used a [[pyroelectricity|pyroelectric]] crystal heated from {{convert|-34|to|7|C|F}}, combined with a [[tungsten]] needle to produce an [[electric field]] of about 25&nbsp;gigavolts per meter to ionize and accelerate [[deuterium]] nuclei into an [[erbium]] deuteride target. At the estimated energy levels,<ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v434/n7037/suppinfo/nature03575.html Supplementary methods for "Observation of nuclear fusion driven by a pyroelectric crystal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204193327/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v434/n7037/suppinfo/nature03575.html |date=4 February 2017 }}. Main article {{cite journal|doi=10.1038/nature03575|title=Observation of nuclear fusion driven by a pyroelectric crystal|year=2005|last1=Naranjo|first1=B.|last2=Gimzewski|first2=J.K.|last3=Putterman|first3=S.|journal=Nature|volume=434|issue=7037|pages=1115–1117|pmid=15858570|bibcode = 2005Natur.434.1115N |s2cid=4407334}}</ref> the D–D fusion reaction may occur, producing [[helium-3]] and a 2.45&nbsp;MeV [[neutron]]. Although it makes a useful neutron generator, the apparatus is not intended for power generation since it requires far more energy than it produces.<ref>[http://rodan.physics.ucla.edu/pyrofusion/ UCLA Crystal Fusion]. Rodan.physics.ucla.edu. Retrieved 17 August 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608184332/http://rodan.physics.ucla.edu/pyrofusion/ |date=8 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.aip.org/pnu/2005/split/729-1.html |title=Pyrofusion: A Room-Temperature, Palm-Sized Nuclear Fusion Device |author1=Schewe, Phil |author2=Stein, Ben |name-list-style=amp |journal=Physics News Update |volume=729 |issue=1 |year=2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112155702/http://www.aip.org/pnu/2005/split/729-1.html |archive-date=12 November 2013 |accessdate=3 May 2006 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0606/p25s01-stss.html Coming in out of the cold: nuclear fusion, for real] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122115832/http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0606/p25s01-stss.html |date=22 January 2012 }}. ''The Christian Science Monitor''. (6 June 2005). Retrieved 17 August 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7654627 Nuclear fusion on the desktop ... really!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904023602/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7654627/ |date=4 September 2016 }}. MSNBC (27 April 2005). Retrieved 17 August 2011.</ref> D–T fusion reactions have been observed with a tritiated erbium target.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.nima.2010.08.003|title=Pyroelectric fusion using a tritiated target|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment|volume=632|issue=1|pages=43–46|year=2011|last1=Naranjo|first1=B.|last2=Putterman|first2=S.|last3=Venhaus|first3=T.|bibcode=2011NIMPA.632...43N}}</ref>
* [[Nuclear fusion–fission hybrid]] (hybrid nuclear power) is a proposed means of generating [[Electrical power industry|power]] by use of a combination of nuclear fusion and [[Nuclear fission|fission]] processes. The concept dates to the 1950s, and was briefly advocated by [[Hans Bethe]] during the 1970s, but largely remained unexplored until a revival of interest in 2009, due to the delays in the realization of pure fusion.<ref name="hybrid">{{cite journal | author = Gerstner, E. | title = Nuclear energy: The hybrid returns | year = 2009 | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 460 | issue = 7251| pages = 25–28 | pmid = 19571861|doi=10.1038/460025a| doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Project PACER]], carried out at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] (LANL) in the mid-1970s, explored the possibility of a fusion power system that would involve exploding small [[H-bomb|hydrogen bomb]]s (fusion bombs) inside an underground cavity. As an energy source, the system is the only fusion power system that could be demonstrated to work using existing technology. However, it would also require a large, continuous supply of nuclear bombs, making the economics of such a system rather questionable.
* [[Bubble fusion]] also called '''sonofusion''' was a proposed mechanism for achieving fusion via [[sonic cavitation]] which rose to prominence in the early 2000s. Subsequent attempts at replication failed and the principal investigator, [[Rusi Taleyarkhan]], was judged guilty of [[research misconduct]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maugh II |first1=Thomas |title=Physicist is found guilty of misconduct |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jul-19-sci-misconduct19-story.html |access-date=17 April 2019 |work=Los Angeles Times |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417184641/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jul-19-sci-misconduct19-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>