Editing Normandy (section)

==Culture==

===Flag===
The traditional provincial [[flag of Normandy]], ''gules, two leopards passant or'', is used in the region and its predecessors. The three-leopard version (known in the Norman language as ''les treis cats'', "the three cats") is used by some associations and individuals, especially those who support cultural links with the Channel Islands and England. Jersey and Guernsey use three leopards in their national symbols. The leopards represents the strength and courage Normandy has towards the neighbouring provinces.

The unofficial anthem of the region is the song "[[Ma Normandie]]".

<gallery heights="120" widths="120" class="center">
File:Flag of Normandie.svg|"Two-leopard" version, which is the main one.
File:Flag of Normandie (three-leopard version).svg|"Three-leopard" version
File:Flag of Normandy.svg|[[Nordic Cross flag|Nordic Cross]] version
File:Flag of Sark.svg|"Two-leopard" flag of [[Sark]]
File:Arms of William the Conqueror (1066-1087).svg|Coat of arms of the [[Duchy of Normandy]]
File:Coat of arms of Guernsey.svg|[[Coat of arms of Guernsey]]
File:Jersey arms on Piquet House in St Helier.jpg|[[Coat of arms of Jersey]]
</gallery>

===Language===
{{Main|Norman language|Norman toponymy}}
The Norman language, including its insular variations [[Jèrriais]] and [[Guernésiais]], is a [[languages of France|regional language]], spoken by a minority of the population on the continent and the islands, with a concentration in the Cotentin Peninsula in the far west (the [[Cotentinais]] dialect), and in the [[Pays de Caux]] in the East (the [[Cauchois dialect]]).

Many words and place names demonstrate the [[Old English]] and [[Old Norse language|Norse]] ([[Anglo-Scandinavian]]) influence in this [[Oïl languages|Oïl language]]; for example, words : ''mauve'' (seagull), ''fifotte'' (starfish), ''hâ'' (catshark), ''mucre'' (humid, wet), ''(é)griller'' (slide, slip), ''fale'' (throat), etc. place-names : ''-bec'' (stream), ''-fleur'' (river), ''[[-hou]]'' (island), ''-tot'' (homestead), ''-dal'' / ''-dalle'' (valley), ''Hogue'' / ''Hougue'' (hill, mound), ''-lon'' / ''-londe'' (grove, wood), ''-vy'' / ''-vic'' (bay, cove), ''-mare'' (pond), ''-beuf'' (booth, cabin), etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viking.no/e/france/contribution.html|title=The Vikings in Normandy: The Scandinavian contribution in Normandy|website=www.viking.no|access-date=14 December 2009|archive-date=23 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123193858/http://www.viking.no/e/france/contribution.html|url-status=live}}</ref> French is the only [[official language]] in continental Normandy and English is also an official language in the Channel Islands.

===Architecture===
[[File:Dauville Hotel Normandie.jpg|thumb|A Norman style construction in [[Deauville]]]]
{{Main|Architecture of Normandy}}

Architecturally, Norman cathedrals, abbeys (such as the [[Abbey of Bec]]) and castles characterise the former duchy in a way that mirrors the similar pattern of [[Norman architecture]] in England following the [[Norman Conquest]] of 1066.

Domestic architecture in upper Normandy is typified by [[Half-timbered construction|half-timbered]] buildings that also recall vernacular English architecture, although the farm enclosures of the more harshly landscaped Pays de Caux are a more idiosyncratic response to socio-economic and climatic imperatives. Much urban architectural heritage was destroyed during the Battle of Normandy in 1944 – post-war urban reconstruction, such as in Le Havre and Saint-Lô, could be said to demonstrate both the virtues and vices of [[Modernism|modernist]] and [[Brutalism|brutalist]] trends of the 1950s and 1960s. Le Havre, the city rebuilt by [[Auguste Perret]], was added to Unesco's World Heritage List in 2005.

[[Vernacular architecture]] in lower Normandy takes its form from [[granite]], the predominant local building material. The Channel Islands also share this influence – [[Chausey]] was for many years a source of quarried granite, including that used for the construction of [[Mont Saint-Michel]].

The south part of [[Bagnoles-de-l'Orne]] is filled with bourgeois villas in ''[[Belle Époque]]'' style with polychrome façades, bow windows and unique roofing. This area, built between 1886 and 1914, has an authentic "Bagnolese" style and is typical of high-society country vacation of the time. The Chapel of Saint Germanus (''Chapelle Saint-Germain'') at [[Querqueville]] with its [[trefoil]] floorplan incorporates elements of one of the earliest surviving places of Christian worship in the Cotentin – perhaps second only to the Gallo-Roman baptistry at [[Port-Bail]]. It is dedicated to [[Germanus of Normandy]].

===Gastronomy===
[[File:Vachesnormandes.jpg|thumb|[[Normande Cattle|Normande cow]]]]
Parts of Normandy consist of rolling countryside typified by pasture for dairy cattle and apple orchards. A wide range of dairy products are produced and exported. Norman cheeses include [[Camembert (cheese)|Camembert]], [[Livarot cheese|Livarot]], [[Pont-l'Évêque cheese|Pont l'Évêque]], [[Brillat-Savarin cheese|Brillat-Savarin]], [[Neufchâtel (cheese)|Neufchâtel]], [[Petit suisse (cheese)|Petit Suisse]] and [[Boursin (cheese)|Boursin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fromages.org/fdn/fdn_histoire_en.html |title=Norman cheeses: History |publisher=fromages.org |access-date=10 September 2007 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330012940/http://www.fromages.org/fdn/fdn_histoire_en.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Normandy butter and Normandy cream are lavishly used in gastronomic specialties. [[Jersey]] and [[Guernsey cattle]] are famous cattle breeds worldwide, especially to North America.
[[File:Reflets de France Cidre.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Cider]] from Normandy]]
Turbot and oysters from the Cotentin Peninsula are major delicacies throughout France. Normandy is the chief [[oyster]]-cultivating, scallop-exporting, and mussel-raising region in France.

Normandy is a major [[cider]]-producing region (very little wine is produced). [[Perry]] is also produced, but in less significant quantities. Apple brandy, of which the most famous variety is [[calvados (spirit)|calvados]], is also popular. The mealtime ''trou normand'', or "Norman hole", is a pause between meal courses in which diners partake of a glassful of calvados in order to improve the appetite and make room for the next course, and this is still observed in many homes and restaurants. ''[[Pommeau]]'' is an ''[[apéritif]]'' produced by blending unfermented cider and apple brandy. Another aperitif is the ''[[Kir (cocktail)|kir]] normand'', a measure of [[crème de cassis]] topped up with cider. ''[[Bénédictine]]'' is produced in [[Fécamp]].

Other regional specialities include ''[[tripes à la mode de Caen]]'', ''[[andouille]]s'' and ''andouillettes'', {{Lang|fr|[[salade cauchoise]]|italic=no}}, salt meadow (''pré salé'') lamb, seafood (mussels, [[scallop]]s, lobsters, mackerel...), and ''[[teurgoule]]'' (spiced rice pudding).

Normandy dishes include duckling ''à la rouennaise'', sautéed chicken ''yvetois'', and goose ''en daube''. Rabbit is cooked with [[morel]]s, or ''à la havraise'' (stuffed with truffled pigs' trotters). Other dishes are sheep's trotters ''à la rouennaise'', casseroled veal, larded calf's liver braised with carrots, and veal (or turkey) in cream and mushrooms.

Normandy is also noted for its pastries. Normandy turns out ''douillons'' (pears baked in pastry), ''craquelins'', ''roulettes'' in Rouen, ''fouaces'' in Caen, ''fallues'' in [[Lisieux]], ''sablés'' in Lisieux. It is the birthplace of [[brioche]]s (especially those from [[Évreux]] and [[Gisors]]). Confectionery of the region includes Rouen apple sugar, Isigny caramels, [[Bayeux]] mint chews, Falaise berlingots, [[Le Havre]] marzipans, [[Argentan]] ''croquettes'', and Rouen [[macaroons]].

Normandy is the native land of [[Taillevent]], cook of the kings of France [[Charles V of France|Charles V]] and [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]]. He wrote the earliest French cookery book named ''Le Viandier''. ''[[Confiture de lait]]'' was also made in Normandy around the 14th century.

===Literature===
[[File:Wace illustration Roman de Rou 1824.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Wace]] presents his ''[[Roman de Rou]]'' to Henry II, Illustration 1824]]
{{See also|Anglo-Norman literature|Gesta Normannorum Ducum}}
The dukes of Normandy commissioned and inspired epic literature to record and legitimise their rule. [[Wace]], [[Orderic Vitalis]] and [[Stephen of Rouen]] were among those who wrote in the service of the dukes. After the division of 1204, French literature provided the model for the development of literature in Normandy. [[Olivier Basselin]] wrote of the Vaux de Vire, the origin of literary ''[[vaudeville]]''. Notable Norman writers include [[Jean Marot]], [[Rémy Belleau]], [[Guy de Maupassant]], [[Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly]], [[Gustave Flaubert]], [[Octave Mirbeau]], and [[Remy de Gourmont]], and [[Alexis de Tocqueville]]. The Corneille brothers, [[Pierre Corneille|Pierre]] and [[Thomas Corneille|Thomas]], born in Rouen, were great figures of French classical literature.

David Ferrand (1591–1660) in his ''Muse Normande'' established a landmark of Norman language literature. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the workers and merchants of Rouen established a tradition of polemical and satirical literature in a form of language called the ''parler purin''. At the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th century, a new movement arose in the Channel Islands, led by writers such as [[George Métivier]], which sparked a literary renaissance on the Norman mainland. In exile in Jersey and then Guernsey, [[Victor Hugo]] took an interest in the vernacular literature. ''[[Les Travailleurs de la mer]]'' is a well-known novel by Hugo set in the Channel Islands. The boom in insular literature in the early 19th century encouraged production especially in La Hague and around Cherbourg, where Alfred Rossel, Louis Beuve and [[Côtis-Capel]] became active. The typical medium for literary expression in Norman has traditionally been newspaper columns and almanacs. The novel ''Zabeth'' by André Louis which appeared in 1969 was the first novel published in Norman.

===Painting===
[[File:Claude Monet - Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and Her Son - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Claude Monet]], ''[[Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son]]'', 1875]]

Normandy has a rich tradition of painting and gave to France some of its most important artists.

In the 17th century, some major French painters were Normans like [[Nicolas Poussin]], born in [[Les Andelys]] and [[Jean Jouvenet]].

[[Romanticism]] drew painters to the Channel coasts of Normandy. [[Richard Parkes Bonington]] and [[J. M. W. Turner]] crossed the Channel from Great Britain, attracted by the light and landscapes. [[Théodore Géricault]], a native of Rouen, was a notable figure in the Romantic movement, its famous ''[[Le Radeau de la Méduse|Radeau de la Méduse]]'' being considered come the breakthrough of pictorial romanticism in France when it was officially presented at the [[Salon of 1819]]. The competing Realist tendency was represented by [[Jean-François Millet]], a native of La Hague. The landscape painter [[Eugène Boudin]], born in Honfleur, was a determining influence on the impressionists and was highly considered by Monet.
[[File:Eugène Chigot (French), Printemps en Normandie (Springtime in Normandy).jpg|thumb|[[Eugène Chigot]] (1860–1923), Printemps en Normandie (Springtime in Normandy) (1914/15)]]
[[File:Robert Antoine Pinchon, Un après-midi à l'Ile aux Cerises, Rouen, oil on canvas, 50 x 61.2 cm.jpg|thumb|left|[[Robert Antoine Pinchon]], ''Un après-midi à l'Ile aux Cerises, Rouen'', oil on canvas, 50 x 61.2 cm]]
Breaking away from the more formalised and classical themes of the early part of the 19th century, Impressionist painters preferred to paint outdoors, in natural light, and to concentrate on landscapes, towns and scenes of daily life.

Leader of the movement and father of modern painting, [[Claude Monet]] is one of the best known Impressionists and a major character in Normandy's artistic heritage. His [[Fondation Monet in Giverny|house and gardens]] at [[Giverny]] are one of the region's major tourist sites, much visited for their beauty and their water lilies, as well as for their importance to Monet's artistic inspiration. Normandy was at the heart of his creation, from the paintings of Rouen's cathedral to the famous depictions of the cliffs at [[Étretat]], the beach and port at [[Fécamp]] and the sunrise at [[Le Havre]]. It was ''[[Impression, Sunrise]]'', Monet's painting of Le Havre, that led to the movement being dubbed [[Impressionism]]. After Monet, all the main [[avant-garde]] painters of the 1870s and 1880s came to Normandy to paint its landscapes and its changing lights, concentrating along the Seine valley and the Norman coast.

Landscapes and scenes of daily life were also immortalised on canvas by artists that have included : [[William Turner (artist)|William Turner]], [[Gustave Courbet]], the Honfleur born Eugène Boudin, [[Camille Pissarro]], [[Alfred Sisley]], [[Auguste Renoir]], [[Gustave Caillebotte]], [[Eugène Chigot]],  [[Paul Gauguin]], [[Georges Seurat]], [[Paul Signac]], [[Pierre Bonnard]], [[Georges Braque]] and [[Pablo Picasso]]. While Monet's work adorns galleries and collections all over the world, a remarkable quantity of Impressionist works can be found in galleries throughout Normandy, such as the [[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen|Museum of Fine Arts]] in Rouen, the Musée Eugène Boudin in [[Honfleur]] or the [[Musée Malraux|André Malraux Museum]] in [[Le Havre]].

[[Maurice Denis]], one of the leaders and theoricists of the [[Les Nabis|Nabis]] movement in the 1890s, was a native of Granville, in the department of Manche. [[Marie-Thérèse Auffray]], an [[expressionism|expressionist]] painter and member of the French resistance during WWII, lived and painted in the village of [[Échauffour]].

The ''[[Société Normande de Peinture Moderne]]'' was founded in 1909 by [[Pierre Dumont (painter)|Pierre Dumont]], [[Robert Antoine Pinchon]], Yvonne Barbier and Eugène Tirvert. Among members were [[Raoul Dufy]], a native of Le Havre, [[Albert Marquet]], [[Francis Picabia]] and [[Maurice Utrillo]]. Also in this movement were the Duchamp brothers, [[Jacques Villon]] and [[Marcel Duchamp]], considered one of the father of modern art, also natives of Normandy. [[Jean Dubuffet]], one of the leading French artist of the 1940s and the 1950s was born in Le Havre.

===Religion===
[[File:Rouen Cathedral as seen from Gros Horloge 140215 4.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Rouen Cathedral]]]]

Christian missionaries implanted [[monastic communities]] in the territory in the 5th and 6th centuries. Some of these missionaries came from across the [[English Channel|Channel]]. The influence of [[Celtic Christianity]] can still be found in the [[Cotentin]]. By the terms of the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, Rollo, a Viking pagan, accepted Christianity and was baptised. The Duchy of Normandy was therefore formally a Christian state from its foundation. The cathedrals of Normandy have exerted influence down the centuries in matters of both faith and politics. [[Henry II of England|King Henry II]] of England did [[penance]] at the cathedral of [[Avranches Cathedral|Avranches]] on 21 May 1172 and was absolved from the censures incurred by the assassination of [[Thomas Becket]]. [[Mont Saint-Michel]] is a historic [[pilgrimage]] site.

Normandy does not have one generally agreed [[patron saint]], although this title has been ascribed to Saint [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]], and to [[Saint Ouen]]. Many saints have been revered in Normandy down the centuries, including:
* [[St. Aubert|Aubert]] who's remembered as the founder of [[Mont Saint-Michel]]
* [[Saint Marcouf|Marcouf]] and [[Laud of Coutances|Laud]] who are important saints in Normandy
* [[Helier]] and [[Samson of Dol]] who are evangelizers of the Channel Islands
* [[Thomas Becket]], an [[Anglo-Normans|Anglo-Norman]] whose parents were from Rouen, who was the object of a considerable following in mainland Normandy following his martyrdom
* [[Joan of Arc]] who was [[martyr]]ed in Rouen, and who is especially remembered in that city
* [[Thérèse de Lisieux]] whose birthplace in [[Alençon]] and later home in Lisieux are a focus for religious pilgrims.
* [[Germanus of Normandy]]

Since the [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State]], there is no established church in mainland Normandy. In the [[Channel Islands]], the [[Church of England]] is the [[established church]].

===People===
:''See [[:Category:People from Normandy]]''