Editing Nichiren Buddhism (section)

== Globalization ==
While various sects and organizations have had a presence in nations outside Japan for over a century, the genuine expansion of Nichiren Buddhism overseas started in 1960 when Soka Gakkai president [[Daisaku Ikeda]] initiated his group's worldwide propagation efforts stemming from a few hundred transplanted Japanese to over 3500 families by 1962.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Montgomery|first1=Daniel|title=Fire In The Lotus|date=1991|publisher=Mandala|location=London|isbn=978-1-85274-091-7|page=210}}</ref>

Nichiren Buddhism is now practiced in many countries outside of Japan. In the United States, [[religious studies]] scholar Charles S. Prebish coined the typology of "two Buddhisms" to delineate the divide between forms of Buddhism that appealed either primarily to people of the Asian diaspora or to Euro-American converts.<ref>{{Cite book|title=American Buddhism|last=Prebish|first=Charles S.|publisher=Duxbury Press|date=1979|location=North Scituate, Massachusetts|page=51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prebish|first=Charles S.|date=1993|title=Two Buddhisms Reconsidered|journal=Buddhist Studies Review|volume=10| issue =  2|pages=187–206|doi=10.1558/bsrv.v10i2.15201 |s2cid=247885280 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Luminous Passage: The Practice and Study of Buddhism in America|last=Prebish|first=Charles S.|publisher=University of California Press|date=1999|location=Berkeley, CA|pages=57–63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Old wisdom in the New World : Americanization in two immigrant Theravada Buddhist temples|last=Numrich|first=Paul David|date=1999|publisher=University of Tennessee Press|isbn=9781572330634|page=144|location=Knoxville|oclc=47793242}}</ref> Nattier, on the other hand, proposes a three-way typology. "Import" or "elite" Buddhism refers to a class of people who have the time and means to seek Buddhist teachers to appropriate certain Buddhist techniques such as meditation. "Export or evangelical" Buddhism refers to groups that actively proselytize for new members in their local organizations. "Baggage" or "ethnic" Buddhism refers to diaspora Buddhists, usually of a single ethnic group, who have relocated more for social and economic advancement than for evangelical purposes.<ref name=Cheah >{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m95oAgAAQBAJ&q=prebish|title=Race and religion in American Buddhism : white supremacy and immigrant adaptation|last=Cheah|first=Joseph|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199843152|date=2011|location=Oxford|oclc=774295742|access-date=10 April 2018|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229032200/https://books.google.com/books?id=m95oAgAAQBAJ&q=prebish|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|16}} Another taxonomy divides Western Buddhist groups into three different categories: evangelical, church-like, and meditational.<ref name=Hickey2010>{{Cite journal|last=Hickey|first=Wakoh Shannon|date=2010|title=Two Buddhisms, Three Buddhisms, and Racism|url=http://www.globalbuddhism.org/jgb/index.php/jgb/article/view/112|journal=Journal of Global Buddhism|volume=11|pages=5–6|access-date=21 April 2018|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202102222/http://www.globalbuddhism.org/jgb/index.php/jgb/article/view/112|url-status=live}}</ref>

Nichiren Shu has been classified into the church-like category.<ref name=Hickey2010 />{{rp|5}} One of several Japanese Buddhist schools that followed in the wake of Japanese military conquest and colonization, Nichiren Shu opened a temple in Pusan, Korea in 1881. Its fortunes rose and diminished with the political tides but eventually failed.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTtC-pyVg9sC&q=nichiren+korea&pg=PA46|title=Asian perceptions of nature : papers presented at a workshop, NIAS, Copenhagen, Denmark, October 1991|date=1992|publisher=Nordic Institute of Asian Studies|first=Henrik Hjort |last=Sorensen |others=Henrik Hjort Sorensen, Ole Bruun, Arne Kalland, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.|chapter=Japanese Missionaries and Their Impact on the Revival of Korean Buddhism at the Close of the Choson Dynasty |pages=50, 53 |isbn=9788787062121|location=Copenhagen|oclc=28815678}}</ref> It also established missions in Sakhalin, Manchuria, and Taiwan.<ref name="Hirai 2015"/> A Nichiren Shu mission was established in Hawaii in 1900. By 1920 it established temples at Pahala, Honolulu, Wailuku and Maui.<ref>{{Cite periodical |title=A Survey of Education in Hawaii |periodical= |publisher=Department of the Interior: Bureau of Education |date=1920 |volume=1920 |number=16 |location=Washington, D.C.|page=111}}</ref> In 1955, it officially started a mission in Brazil.<ref name=Usarski&Shoji2016>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWgbDQAAQBAJ&q=nichiren+shu|title=Handbook of contemporary religions in Brazil|first1=Frank|last1=Usarski|first2=Rafael|last2=Shoji|others=Schmidt, Bettina E.|isbn=9789004322134|date=2016|location=Leiden|chapter=Buddhism, Shinto and Japanese New Religions in Brazil|oclc=953617964|access-date=10 April 2018|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227150617/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWgbDQAAQBAJ&q=nichiren+shu|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|283}} In 1991, it established the Nichiren Buddhist International Center in 1991 and in 2002 built a center in Hayward, California, to help overseas missions.<ref name="Hirai 2015">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=taNZCgAAQBAJ&q=nichiren+shu+mission&pg=PA682|title=Asian American religious cultures|first=Chishin|last=Hirai|page=682|others=Lee, Jonathan H. X.,, Matsuoka, Fumitaka,, Yee, Edmond, 1938–, Nakasone, Ronald Y.|isbn=9781598843316|date=2015|chapter=Nichiren shū |location=Santa Barbara|oclc=895731298}}</ref> However, Nichiren Shu does not widely propagate in the West.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Goddess and the Dragon : a Study on Identity Strength and Psychosocial Resilience in Japan|last=Patrick.|first=Hein|date=2014|page=71 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=9781443868723|location=Newcastle upon Tyne|oclc=892799135}}</ref>

Some have characterized the [[Soka Gakkai]] as evangelical<ref name=Hickey2010 />{{rp|5}} but others claim that it broke out of the "Two Buddhisms" paradigm. It is quite multi-ethnic and it has taken hold among native populations in locations including Korea, Malaysia, Brazil, Europe, parts of Africa, India, and North America.<ref name=Metraux2016>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oe0GDAAAQBAJ|title=Global Religious Movements Across Borders: Sacred Service|last=Metraux|first=Daniel A.|publisher=Routledge|others=Stephen M. Cherry, Helen Rose Ebaugh|date=2016|page=87|isbn=9781317127338|chapter=Soka Gakkai International: Nichiren Japanese Buddhism}}</ref> The growth of the Soka Gakkai was sparked by repeated missionary trips beginning in the early 1960s by [[Daisaku Ikeda]], its third president.<ref name=Usarski&Shoji2016 />{{rp|285}} In 1975 the [[Soka Gakkai International]] was launched in Guam.<ref name=Marshall2013>{{Cite book|title=Global institutions of religion : ancient movers, modern shakers|last=Marshall|first=Katherine|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136673443|location=London|oclc=852158691}}</ref>{{rp|107–108}} In the United States it has attracted a diverse membership including a significant demographic of African Americans.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eedw2JKjkIUC&q=nichiren+shoshu+temple&pg=PA50|title=The African American religious experience in America|last=Pinn|first=Anthony G.|date=2006|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=9780313325854|page=52|location=Westport, Conn.|oclc=71065068|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181426/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eedw2JKjkIUC&q=nichiren+shoshu+temple&pg=PA50|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Engaged Buddhism in the west|date=2000|publisher=Wisdom Publications|others=Queen, Christopher S. |first=David W. |last=Chappell |chapter=Racial Diversity in the Soka Gakkai|pages=184, 190, 203|isbn=9780861711598|location=Boston, MA|oclc=844350971}}</ref> Since the 1970s, it has created institutions, publications and exhibitions to support its overall theme of "peace, culture, and education."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Religion and American cultures : tradition, diversity, and popular expression|others=Gary Laderman, Luis D. León |first=Richard |last=Seager|isbn=9781610691109|edition= Second |location=Santa Barbara, California|oclc=897907045|date = 2014-12-17}}</ref> There is academic research on various national organizations affiliated with this movement:<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZiScvbS6-cC&q=nichiren+shu+mission&pg=RA3-PA116|title=Introduction to new and alternative religions in America|date=2006|chapter=Soka Gakkai: A Human revolution|publisher=Greenwood Press|first=David W.|last=Machacek|others=Gallagher, Eugene V., Ashcraft, W. Michael, 1955–|isbn=9780313050787|location=Westport, Conn.|oclc=230763437|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181437/https://books.google.com/books?id=oZiScvbS6-cC&q=nichiren+shu+mission&pg=RA3-PA116|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|54}} the United States,<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szm2BQAAQBAJ&q=soka+gakkai+"peace+culture+and+education"&pg=PA68|title=Encountering the Dharma : Daisaku Ikeda, Soka Gakkai, and the globalization of Buddhist humanism|last=Seager|first=Richard H.|chapter=Soka Gakkai International-USA|page=68|date=2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520939042|location=Berkeley, Calif.|oclc=808600561|access-date=20 February 2022|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181501/https://books.google.com/books?id=Szm2BQAAQBAJ&q=soka+gakkai+%22peace+culture+and+education%22&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Soka Gakkai in America : accommodation and conversion|last1=E.|first1=Hammond, Phillip|date=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|last2=Machacek |first2=David |isbn=9780198293897|location=Oxford [England]|oclc=40298264}}</ref> the United Kingdom,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilson and Dobbelaere |first=Bryan and Karel |date=1994|title=A Time to Chant|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Great Britain |pages=243–4}}</ref> Italy,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Macioti|first1=Maria Immacolata|last2=Capozzi (tr)|first2=Richard|title=The Buddha within ourselves : blossoms of the Lotus Sutra|date=2002|publisher=University Press of America|location=Lanham|isbn=978-0-7618-2189-2}}</ref> Canada,<ref>{{Cite book |title= The lotus and the maple leaf : the Soka Gakkai Buddhist movement in Canada |last=Alfred |first= Metraux, Daniel |date=1996 |publisher= University Press of America |isbn=978-076180271-6 |location= Lanham, Md. |oclc= 34076743}}</ref> Brazil,<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OlDP1OXl_zEC&q=nichiren+brazil&pg=PA133 |title= Buddhist missionaries in the era of globalization |publisher= University of Hawaiì Press |chapter= Globalization and the Pursuit of a Shared Understanding of the Absolute: The Case of Soka Gakkai in Brazil |first= Peter B. |last= Clarke |pages= 123–139 |others= Learman, Linda, 1950– |isbn= 978-082482810-3 |location= Honolulu |oclc= 56648172 |date= 2006 |access-date= 1 November 2020 |archive-date= 20 February 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181435/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Buddhist_Missionaries_in_the_Era_of_Glob/OlDP1OXl_zEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=nichiren+brazil&pg=PA133&printsec=frontcover |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1MljDQAAQBAJ&q=nichiren+brazil&pg=PA305 |title= Oxford Handbook of contemporary Buddhism |others= Jerryson, Michael K. |first= Cristina |last= Rocha |page= 306 |chapter= Buddhism in Latin America |isbn= 978-019936239-4 |location= New York |date= 2016 |access-date= 1 November 2020 |archive-date= 20 February 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181504/https://books.google.com/books?id=1MljDQAAQBAJ&q=nichiren+brazil&pg=PA305 |url-status= live }}</ref> Scotland,<ref>{{Cite book |title= Chanting in the Hillsides : the Buddhism of Nichiren Daishonin in Wales and the Borders |author= Fowler, Jeaneane D. |date= 2009 |publisher= Sussex Academic Press |others= Fowler, Merv. |isbn= 978-184519258-7 |location= Brighton [England] |oclc= 235028985 }}</ref> Southeast Asia,<ref>{{Cite book |title= The international expansion of a modern Buddhist movement : the Soka Gakkai in Southeast Asia and Australia |last=Alfred |first= Metraux, Daniel |date=2001 |publisher= University Press of America |isbn= 978-076181904-2 |location= Lanham, MD |oclc= 45195856}}</ref> Germany,<ref>{{Cite book |title= Japanese New Religions in Global Perspective |last=Ionescu |first=Sandra |date= 2013 |chapter= Adapt or Perish: The Story of Soka Gakkai in Germany |publisher= Taylor and Francis |others= Clarke, Peter B. |isbn= 978-1136828652 |location= Hoboken |oclc= 862613119 }}</ref> and Thailand.<ref>Pratom Prasertsak Angurarohita, 'Soka Gakkai in Thailand: A Sociological Study of its Emergence, World View, Recruitment Process, and Growth' (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1993)</ref>

The [[Rissho Kosei Kai]] focuses on using its teachings to promote a culture of religiosity through inter-religious dialogue. In 1967, it launched the "Faith to All Men Movement" to awaken a globalized religiosity. It has over 2 million members and 300 Dharma centers in 20 countries throughout the world including Frankfurt and Moorslede. It is active in interfaith organizations, including the International Association for Religious Freedom (IARF) and Religions for Peace (WCRP). It has consultative states with the United Nations and since 1983 issues an annual Peace Prize to individuals or organizations worldwide that work for peace and development and promote interreligious cooperation.<ref name=Clarke2013 />{{rp|23}}<ref name=Marshall2013 />{{rp|108}}

The [[Reiyukai]] conducts more typical missionary activities in the West. It has a membership of between five hundred and one thousand members in Europe, concentrated in Italy, Spain, England and France. The approximately 1,500 members of the [[Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga|Nihonzan Myohoji]] have built peace pagodas, conducted parades beating the drum while chanting the daimoku, and encouraged themselves and others to create world peace.<ref name=Clarke2013>{{Cite book|title=Japanese New Religions in Global Perspective.|last=Clarke|first=Peter B.|date=2013|page=23|publisher=Taylor and Francis|others=Clarke, Peter B.|isbn=9781136828652|location=Hoboken|oclc=862613119}}</ref>

[[Nichiren Shoshu]] has six temples in the United States led by Japanese priests and supported by lay Asians and non-Asians.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bd_AICOMwccC&q=nichiren+shoshu+temple&pg=PA112|title=Religions of the United States in practice|date=2001|publisher=Princeton University Press|others=McDannell, Colleen.|first=Richard|last=Seager|chapter=Buddhist Chanting in Soka Gakkai International|page=112|isbn=9780691010014|location=Princeton, N.J.|oclc=47160933|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181500/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bd_AICOMwccC&q=nichiren+shoshu+temple&pg=PA112|url-status=live}}</ref> There is one temple in Brazil and the residing priest serves as a "circuit rider" to attend to other locations.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nichiren Shoshu Buddhism and the Soka Gakkai in America : the ethos of a new religious movement|last=Hurst|first=Jane D.|date=1992|publisher=Garland Pub|isbn=9780815307761|page=322|location=New York|oclc=26503746}}</ref>