Editing Mycorrhiza (section)

==Occurrence of mycorrhizal associations==

Mycorrhizas are present in 92% of plant families studied (80% of species),<ref name="Wang2006">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=B. |last2=Qiu |first2=Y.-L. |title=Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of mycorrhizas in land plants |journal=Mycorrhiza |date=July 2006 |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=299–363 |doi=10.1007/s00572-005-0033-6 |pmid=16845554 |bibcode=2006Mycor..16..299W |s2cid=30468942 }}</ref> with [[arbuscular mycorrhiza]]s being the ancestral and predominant form,<ref name="Wang2006" /> and the most prevalent symbiotic association found in the plant kingdom.<ref name="Harrison MJ." /> The structure of arbuscular mycorrhizas has been highly conserved since their first appearance in the fossil record,<ref name="Remy et al.">{{cite journal |last1=Remy |first1=W. |last2=Taylor |first2=T. N. |last3=Hass |first3=H. |last4=Kerp |first4=H. |title=Four hundred-million-year-old vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=6 December 1994 |volume=91 |issue=25 |pages=11841–11843 |doi=10.1073/pnas.91.25.11841 |pmid=11607500 |pmc=45331 |bibcode=1994PNAS...9111841R |doi-access=free }}</ref> with both the development of ectomycorrhizas and the loss of mycorrhizas, [[convergent evolution|evolving convergently]] on multiple occasions.<ref name="Wang2006" />

Associations of fungi with the roots of plants have been known since at least the mid-19th century. However, early observers simply recorded the fact without investigating the relationships between the two organisms.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rayner |first=M. Cheveley |title=Obligate Symbiosis in ''Calluna vulgaris'' |journal=Annals of Botany |date=1915 |volume=29 |issue=113 |pages=97–134 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a089540 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dMrzAAAAMAAJ&q=Mycorrhiza+Kamienski&pg=PA99}}</ref> This symbiosis was studied and described by [[Franciszek Kamieński]] in 1879–1882.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kamieński |first=Franciszek |date=1882 |title=Les organes végétatifs de ''Monotropa hypopitys'' L.". |trans-title=The vegetative organs of ''Monotropa hypopitys'' L. |language=French |journal=Mémoires de la Société nat. Des Sciences naturelles et mathém. De Cherbourg |volume=3 |issue=24 }}. {{cite journal |last1=Berch |first1=S. M. |last2=Massicotte |first2=H. B. |last3=Tackaberry |first3=L. E. |title=Re-publication of a translation of 'The vegetative organs of Monotropa hypopitys L.' published by F. Kamienski in 1882, with an update on Monotropa mycorrhizas |journal=Mycorrhiza |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=323–32 |date=July 2005 |pmid=15549481 |doi=10.1007/s00572-004-0334-1 |bibcode=2005Mycor..15..323B |s2cid=3162281 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kamieński |first=Franciszek |date=1885 |title=Über die auf Wurzelsymbiose beruhende Ernährung gewisser Bäume durch unterirdische Pilze |trans-title=On the nourishing, via root symbiosis, of certain trees by underground fungi|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011935122;view=1up;seq=135 |journal=Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft |volume=3 |pages=128–145 |language=de}}  From p. 129:  ''"Der ganze Körper ist also weder Baumwurzel noch Pilz allein, sondern ähnlich wie der Thallus der Flechten, eine Vereinigung zweier verschiedener Wesen zu einem einheitlichen morphologischen Organ, welches vielleicht passend als ''Pilzwurzel'', ''Mycorhiza'' bezeichnet werden kann."''  (The whole body is thus neither tree root nor fungus alone, but similar to the thallus of lichens, a union of two different organisms into a single morphological organ, which can be aptly designated as a "fungus root", a ''mycorrhiza''.)</ref>