Editing Mongolian language (section)

=== Morphology ===
Modern Mongolian is an [[agglutination|agglutinative]]—almost exclusively suffixing—language, with the only exception being reduplication.<ref>Svantesson ''et al.'' (2005): 58–59.</ref> Mongolian also does not have gendered nouns, or definite articles like "the".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.linguamongolia.com/gram1.html?LMCL=SOaskU|title=Grammar|website=www.linguamongolia.com|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref> Most of the suffixes consist of a single [[morpheme]]. There are many [[Derivation (linguistics)|derivation]]al morphemes.<ref>Sečen (2004).</ref> For example, the word {{Transliteration|mn|baiguullagiinh}} consists of the root {{Transliteration|mn|bai}} 'to be', an [[epenthesis|epenthetic]] ‑{{Transliteration|mn|g}}‑, the [[causative]] ‑{{Transliteration|mn|uul}}‑ (hence 'to cause to be', to found), the [[Derivation (linguistics)|derivative]] suffix ‑{{Transliteration|mn|laga}} that forms nouns created by the action (like -''ation'' in ''organisation'') and the complex suffix ‑{{Transliteration|mn|iinkh}} denoting something that belongs to the modified word (‑{{Transliteration|mn|iin}} would be [[genitive case|genitive]]).

Nominal [[compound (linguistics)|compounds]] are quite frequent. Some derivational verbal suffixes are rather [[productivity (linguistics)|productive]], e.g. {{Transliteration|mn|yarikh}} 'to speak', {{Transliteration|mn|yarilc}} 'to speak with each other'. Formally, the independent words derived using verbal suffixes can roughly be divided into three classes: final [[verb]]s, which can only be used sentence-finally, i.e. ‑{{Transliteration|mn|na}} (mainly future or generic statements) or ‑{{Transliteration|mn|ö}} (second person imperative);<ref>Luvsanvandan (ed.) (1987): 151–153, 161–163.</ref> [[participle]]s (often called "verbal nouns"), which can be used clause-finally or attributively, i.e. ‑{{Transliteration|mn|san}} ([[perfect (grammar)|perfect]]-[[past tense|past]])<ref>Hashimoto (1993).</ref> or ‑{{Transliteration|mn|maar}} 'want to'; and [[converb]]s, which can link clauses or function [[adverbial]]ly, i.e. ‑{{Transliteration|mn|j}} (qualifies for any adverbial function or neutrally connects two [[sentence (linguistics)|sentences]]) or ‑{{Transliteration|mn|tal}} (the action of the main [[clause]] takes place until the action expressed by the suffixed verb begins).<ref>Luvsanvandan (ed.) (1987): 103–104, 124–125, 130–131.</ref>