Editing Misogyny (section)

== Online misogyny ==
{{see also-text|[[Cyberbullying]]}}
Misogynistic rhetoric is pervasive online and has grown more aggressive over time.<ref name=jane>{{cite journal |last=Jane |first=Emma Alice |title='Back to the kitchen, cunt': speaking the unspeakable about online misogyny |journal=[[Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies]] |volume=28 |issue=4 |year=2014 |pages=558–570 |doi=10.1080/10304312.2014.924479 |s2cid=144492709 |hdl=1959.4/unsworks_81563 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Philipovic |first=Jill |title=Blogging While Female: How Internet Misogyny Parallels Real-World Harassment |journal=Yale Journal of Law and Feminism |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=295–303 |year=2007 |url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126175931/http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? |url-status=live}}</ref> Online misogyny includes both individual attempts to intimidate and denigrate women,<ref name="jane" /> denial of gender inequity ([[neosexism]]),<ref name="aom">{{cite journal |last1=Zeinert |first1=Philine |last2=Inie |first2=Nanna |last3=Derczynski |first3=Leon |title=Annotating Online Misogyny |journal=Proceedings of the Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics |date=2021 |url=http://www.derczynski.com/papers/annotating_online_misogyny.pdf |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802080925/https://www.derczynski.com/papers/annotating_online_misogyny.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="neosexism">{{cite journal |last1=Tougas |first1=Francine |last2=Brown |first2=Rupert |last3=Beaton |first3=Ann M. |last4=Joly |first4=Stéphane |title=Neosexism: Plus Ca Change, Plus C'est Pareil. |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |date=1995 |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=842–849 |doi=10.1177/0146167295218007 |s2cid=144458314}}</ref> and also coordinated, collective attempts such as [[vote brigading]] and the [[Gamergate controversy|Gamergate]] antifeminist harassment campaign.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nieborg |first1=David |last2=Foxman |first2=Maxwell |editor=Vickery J. |editor2=Everbach T. |title=Mediating Misogyny |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |date=14 February 2018 |pages=111–130 |chapter=Mainstreaming Misogyny: The Beginning of the End and the End of the Beginning in Gamergate Coverage |isbn=978-3-319-72916-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-72917-6_6}}</ref> In a paper written for the ''[[Journal of International Affairs]]'', [[Kim Barker]] and [[Olga Jurasz]] discuss how online misogyny can lead to women facing obstacles when trying to engage in the public and political spheres of the Internet due to the abusive nature of these spaces. They also suggest regulations and shut downs of online misogyny through both governmental and non-governmental means.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barker |first1=Kim |last2=Jurasz |first2=Olga |date=2019 |title=Online Misogyny: A Challenge for Digital Feminism? |journal=Journal of International Affairs |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=95–113 |via=EBSCO Host}}</ref>

=== Coordinated attacks ===
[[File:Anita_Sarkeesian_headshot.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Anita Sarkeesian]] was the target of a coordinated misogynistic attack because of her feminist work.]]
The most likely targets for misogynistic attacks by coordinated groups are women who are visible in the public sphere, women who speak out about the threats they receive, and women who are perceived to be associated with [[feminism]] or feminist gains. Authors of misogynistic messages are usually anonymous or otherwise difficult to identify. Their rhetoric involves misogynistic epithets and graphic or sexualised imagery. It centres on the women's physical appearance, and prescribes sexual violence as a corrective for the targeted women. Examples of famous people who spoke out about misogynistic attacks are [[Anita Sarkeesian]], [[Laurie Penny]], [[Caroline Criado Perez]], [[Stella Creasy]], and [[Lindy West]].<ref name=jane />

These attacks do not always remain online only. [[Swatting]] was used to bring Gamergate attacks into the physical world.<ref>{{cite news |last=Robertson |first=Adi |date=4 January 2015 |title='About 20' police officers sent to Gamergate critic's former home after fake hostage threat |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/1/4/7490539/fake-hostage-threat-sends-police-to-gamergate-critic-home |work=The Verge |access-date=4 August 2020 |archive-date=25 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125054744/http://www.theverge.com/2015/1/4/7490539/fake-hostage-threat-sends-police-to-gamergate-critic-home |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Language used ===
The insults and threats directed at different women tend to be very similar. [[Jude Doyle]], who has been the target of online threats, noted the "overwhelmingly impersonal, repetitive, stereotyped quality" of the abuse, the fact that "all of us are being called the same things, in the same tone".<ref name=jane />

A 2016 study conducted by the [[Demos (UK think tank)|think tank Demos]] found that the majority of [[Twitter]] messages containing the words "whore" or "slut" were advertisements for pornography. Of those that were not, a majority used the terms in a non-aggressive way, such a discussion of [[slut-shaming]]. Of those that used the terms "whore" or "slut" in an aggressive, insulting way, about half were women and half were men. Twitter users most frequently targeted by women with aggressive insults were celebrities, such as [[Beyoncé Knowles]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://demosuk.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Misogyny-online.pdf |title=The use of misogynistic terms on Twitter |access-date=28 May 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225212800/https://demosuk.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Misogyny-online.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2020 study published in the journal ''[[New Media & Society]]'' also discusses how language on the internet can contribute to online misogyny. The authors specifically criticise ''[[Urban Dictionary]]'', claiming the language used in the definitions are misogynistic and anti-feminist, rather than simply being a collaborative dictionary.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ging |first1=Debbie |last2=Lynn |first2=Theodore |last3=Rosati |first3=Pierangelo |date=30 August 2019 |title=Neologising misogyny: Urban Dictionary's folksonomies of sexual abuse |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444819870306 |journal=New Media & Society |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=838–856 |doi=10.1177/1461444819870306 |s2cid=203078731 |issn=1461-4448 |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513031614/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444819870306 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2021 study published at the meeting of the ''[[Association for Computational Linguistics]]'' notes that online misogyny presents differently in different contexts. For example: Spanish online discussions show a stronger presence of dominance; Italian misogyny has a plurality of stereotyping and objectification; English online misogyny most frequently involves discrediting women; and Danish discussions primarily express neo-sexism.<ref name="aom" />

=== Incels ===
{{Main|Incel}}

Incels, or involuntary celibates, is an online community of men who believe they cannot get into heterosexual relationships. They share a common belief that women pick partners based solely on looks, so due to their unattractiveness, they will be alone forever.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halpin |first=Michael |date=December 2022 |title=Weaponized Subordination: How Incels Discredit Themselves to Degrade Women |journal=Gender & Society |language=en |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=813–837 |doi=10.1177/08912432221128545 |s2cid=252740108 |issn=0891-2432 |doi-access=free}}</ref>  Due to this perception of themselves, incels in turn hate women, and believe that men are systematically discriminated against. Incels have a large network of male-oriented websites dedicated to the cyber hate of women, discrimination, and networking of misogyny.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Halpin |first1=Michael |last2=Richard |first2=Norann |last3=Preston |first3=Kayla |last4=Gosse |first4=Meghan |last5=Maguire |first5=Finlay |date=2023-06-06 |title=Men who hate women: The misogyny of involuntarily celibate men |journal=New Media & Society |volume=27 |issue=1 |language=en |pages=424–442 |doi=10.1177/14614448231176777 |s2cid=259786368 |issn=1461-4448 |doi-access=free |pmid=39711688 |pmc=11661939}}</ref> In the incel form of misogyny, all women are discriminated against, however, women of colour are doubly denigrated by sexism and racism. Incels endorse and participate in sexism, racism, and mass violence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baele |first1=Stephane J. |last2=Brace |first2=Lewys |last3=Coan |first3=Travis G. |date=2021-11-17 |title=From "Incel" to "Saint": Analyzing the violent worldview behind the 2018 Toronto attack |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2019.1638256 |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |language=en |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=1667–1691 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2019.1638256 |s2cid=201361080 |issn=0954-6553 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=1 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501014514/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2019.1638256 |url-status=live}}</ref> They are not only a threat in online communities, but they also carry their misogyny over to killing sprees, like the 2014 Isla Vista massacre that inspired other incel acts of violence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Witt |first=Taisto |date=2020-09-02 |title='If i cannot have it, i will do everything i can to destroy it.' the canonization of Elliot Rodger: 'Incel' masculinities, secular sainthood, and justifications of ideological violence |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13504630.2020.1787132 |journal=Social Identities |language=en |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=675–689 |doi=10.1080/13504630.2020.1787132 |s2cid=222803708 |issn=1350-4630 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307134157/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13504630.2020.1787132 |url-status=live}}</ref> Incel existence and rhetoric is a good example of misogyny online.

===With white supremacy===
[[Andrew Anglin]] uses the white supremacist website ''[[The Daily Stormer]]'' as a platform to promote misogynistic conspiracy theories, claiming that politically active "[w]hite women across the Western world" are pushing for liberal immigration policies "to ensure an endless supply of Black and Arab men to satisfy their depraved sexual desires."<ref name="nbcnews">{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/alt-right-fueled-toxic-masculinity-vice-versa-ncna989031 |title=The 'alt-right' is fuelled by toxic masculinity — and vice versa |author=Futrelle, David |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=1 April 2019 |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191124173015/https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/alt-right-fueled-toxic-masculinity-vice-versa-ncna989031 |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2018, Anglin summarised his misogynistic views, writing: "Look, I hate women. I think they deserve to be beaten, raped and locked in cages."<ref name="msmag">{{cite web |url=https://msmagazine.com/2018/07/31/the-alt-rights-woman-problem/ |title=Mapping the Male Supremacy Movement: The Alt-Right's Woman Problem |work=[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]] |author=Reaves, Jessica |date=31 July 2018 |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526232745/https://msmagazine.com/2018/07/31/the-alt-rights-woman-problem/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The term [[misogynoir]] describes misogyny directed towards [[Black people|Black]] women where prejudice based upon race and gender [[Intersectionality|play reinforcing roles]].