Editing Mestizo (section)

== Spanish East Indies==

===Guam and Northern Mariana Islands===

In [[Guam]] and [[Northern Mariana Islands]], which were administered from the [[Philippines]] under the [[Spanish East Indies]], the term ''mestizo'' referred to people of mixed [[Chamorro people|Chamorro]] (''indio'') or [[Filipino people|Filipino]] and Spanish ancestry. In the administrative racial hierarchy, they were ranked below the full-blooded Spaniards (''[[peninsulares]]'' and ''[[criollos]]''), but ranked higher than full-blooded Indigenous Filipinos and Chamorro. The term ''indio'' originally applied to both Filipinos and Indigenous Chamorro, but they were later separately designated in Spanish censuses in Guam.<ref name="mestisu">{{cite web |title=Mestizo (Mestisu) |url=https://www.guampedia.com/mestizo-mestisu/ |website=Guampedia |date=29 September 2009 |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indios |url=https://www.guampedia.com/indios/ |website=Guampedia |date=18 November 2009 |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="Rogers">{{cite book |last1=Rogers |first1=Robert F. |title=Destiny's Landfall A History of Guam, Revised Edition |date=2011 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=9780824860974 |page=354}}</ref> Like in the Philippines, this caste system was legally mandated and determined what taxes a person must pay. Both full-blooded Spaniards and ''mestizos'' were exempt from paying tribute as specified in the [[Laws of the Indies]].<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Campbell |first=Bruce L. |date=May 1987 |title=The Filipino Community of Guam |publisher=University of Hawaii|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/ff03a158-8dd3-4b3d-af14-7f36bc017ad0/content}}</ref>

In modern Guam, the [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]] term ''mestisu'' (feminine ''mestisa'')  refers to a person of mixed Chamorro and any foreign ancestry. It can be heritage-specific, such as ''mestisan CHamoru yan Tagalu'' ("female of mixed Chamorro and Filipino descent") or ''mestison CHamoru yan Amerikanu'' ("male of mixed Chamorro and [[White American]] descent").<ref name="mestisu"/>

===Philippines===
{{Main|Filipino Mestizos}}
[[File:Spanish mestizo costume.jpg|thumb|''[[Filipino Mestizos|Mestizos]] de [[Spanish Filipino|Español]]''  in the [[Philippines]] by Jean Mallat de Bassilan (c.1846), both are wearing native [[barong tagalog]] and [[baro't saya]] finery]]
<!--[[File:Filipina mestizas, early 1800s.jpg|thumb|''Métis espagnoles tagales'' (1855) by [[Paul de la Gironiere]], depicting ''mestizas de español'' in [[baro't saya|baro't&nbsp;saya]] dresses in the [[Philippines]]]]-->

In the [[Philippines]], the term ''mestizo'' was used to refer to a person with mixed native (''[[Filipinos#Names|indio]]'') and either Spanish or Chinese ancestry during the [[Spanish colonial period of the Philippines|Spanish colonial period]]  (1565–1898). It was a legal classification and played an important part in the colonial taxation system as well as social status.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Reyes">{{cite book |last1=Reyes |first1=Angela |editor1-last=Alim |editor1-first=H. Samy |editor2-last=Reyes |editor2-first=Angela |editor3-last=Kroskrity |editor3-first=Paul V. |chapter=Coloniality of Mixed Race and Mixed Language |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |title=The Oxford Handbook of Language and Race |isbn=9780190845995 |pages=196–197}}</ref><ref name="Plehn">{{cite journal |last1=Plehn |first1=Carl C. |title=Taxation in the Philippines. I |journal=Political Science Quarterly |date=December 1901 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=680–711 |doi=10.2307/2140422|jstor=2140422 }}</ref>

The term most commonly applied to ''mestizos de español'' ("Spanish mestizos"), most of whom were descendants of intermarriage between Spanish settlers and the [[Maginoo|pre-colonial ruling families]] (''caciques''). They were part of the land-owning aristocratic class known as the ''[[Principalia]]''.<ref name="Riedinger">{{cite book |last1=Riedinger |first1=Jeffrey M. |title=Agrarian Reform in the Philippines Democratic Transitions and Redistributive Reform |date=1995 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804725309 |pages=42–43}}</ref> Like people of full Spanish ancestry (''blanco'', the ''[[peninsulares]]'' and ''[[insulares]]''), ''mestizos de español'' were not required to pay the "tribute" (a personal tax) levied on natives specified in the [[Laws of the Indies]].<ref name="Plehn"/>

The ''mestizo'' classification was also applied to people of mixed native and Chinese ancestry who converted to [[Catholicism]], of which there was a much larger population. They were differentiated from the Spanish mestizos as ''[[mestizos de sangley]]'' ("Chinese mestizos"), most of whom were merchants and traders. They paid about twice the amount of taxes than natives, but less taxes than someone of full Chinese ancestry (the ''[[sangley]]es'').<ref name="Plehn"/><ref name="Wickberg">{{cite journal |last1=Wickberg |first1=E. |title=The Chinese Mestizo in Philippine History |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian History |date=1964 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=62–100 |doi=10.1017/S0217781100002222 |jstor=20067476 |hdl=1808/1129 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20067476|hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Both ''mestizos de español'' and ''mestizos de sangley'' were often from wealthy families and thus part of the educated class in the late 19th century (the ''[[ilustrados]]''). Along with children from wealthy native families, they played a prominent part in the [[Propaganda Movement]] (1880–1895), which called for reforms in the colonial government of the Philippines. ''Mestizos'' were a key demographic in the development of [[Filipino nationalism]].<ref name="Wickberg"/><ref name="Cullinane">{{cite book |last1=Cullinane |first1=Michael |title=Ilustrado Politics Filipino Elite Responses to American Rule, 1898-1908 |date=2003 |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press |isbn=9789715504393 |pages=8–10}}</ref> During the 1700s, mixed [[Spanish Filipinos|Spanish Filipino]] Mestizos formed about 5% of the total tribute paying population<ref name="Estadismo1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf |title=ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish) |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309030040/http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|539}}<ref name="Estadismo2">[https://ia601608.us.archive.org/10/items/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ_2/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ.pdf ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)]</ref>{{rp|31,54,113}} whereas mixed [[Chinese Filipinos|Chinese Filipino]] Mestizos formed 20% of the population.<ref name="senate.gov.ph">{{cite press release|title=Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday|date=January 21, 2013|publisher=PRIB, Office of the Senate Secretary, Senate of the Philippines|url=http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp|last=Macrohon|first=Pilar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516035425/http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp|archive-date=May 16, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6689/b1744892x.pdf |title=The ethnic Chinese variable in domestic and foreign policies in Malaysia and Indonesia |access-date=April 23, 2012|page=96|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101131721/http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6689/b1744892x.pdf|archive-date=November 1, 2018}}</ref><ref name="senate.gov.phb">{{cite press release|title=Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday|date=January 21, 2013|publisher=PRIB, Office of the Senate Secretary, Senate of the Philippines|url=http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp|last=Macrohon|first=Pilar}}</ref>

During the [[American occupation of the Philippines]] (1898–1946), the term expanded to include people of mixed native Filipino and American ancestry.<ref name="Molnar">{{cite book |last1=Molnar |first1=Nicholas Trajano |title=American Mestizos, The Philippines, and the Malleability of Race: 1898-1961 |date=2017 |publisher=University of Missouri Press |isbn=978-0826221223 |pages=11–12}}</ref>

In the modern [[Philippines]], the [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] term ''[[wikt:mestiso|mestiso]]'' (feminine ''mestisa'') refers to anyone who has the fair-skinned appearance of mixed native and European ancestry, often used as a compliment. It is commonly shortened to ''"[[wikt:tisoy|tisoy]]"'' (feminine ''"tisay"'') in colloquial usage.<ref name="Lorenzana">{{cite book |last1=Lorenzana |first1=Jozon A. |editor1-last=Eng |editor1-first=Lai Ah |editor2-last=Collins |editor2-first=Francis L. |editor3-last=Yeoh |editor3-first=Brenda S.A. |title=Migration and Diversity in Asian Contexts|chapter=Being Indian in Post-colonial Metro Manila: Identities, Boundaries and the Media Practices |date=2013 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |location=Singapore |isbn=9789814380478 |pages=202–203}}</ref> ''Mestizo'' is also considered one of the archetypal [[beauty standard]]s in the Philippines, the others being ''moreno'' (brown-skinned native appearance) and ''chinito'' (lighter-skinned [[East Asia]]n appearance).<ref name="Cruz">{{cite book |last1=Cruz |first1=Denise |title=Transpacific Femininities The Making of the Modern Filipina |date=2012 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=9780822353164 |pages=4}}</ref><ref name="Sniegowski">{{cite news |last1=Sniegowski |first1=Julia |title=About face: Breaking down Filipina beauty |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/ystyle/2013/04/26/934842/about-face-breaking-down-filipina-beauty |access-date=29 July 2023 |work=The Philippine Star |date=26 April 2013}}</ref>