Editing Marrakesh (section)

==Culture==
===Museums===
{{Further|Landmarks of Marrakesh}}
[[File:Marrakech museum.jpg|thumb|[[Marrakech Museum]]]]
The [[Marrakech Museum]], housed in the Dar Menebhi Palace in the old city centre, was built at the beginning of the 20th century by [[Mehdi Menebhi]].{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001|pp=290–291}}<ref name="Bulletin-2019">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=March 2019|title=Le quartier ibn Yūsuf|url=https://www.academia.edu/39197821|journal=Bulletin du patrimoine de Marrakech et de sa région|volume=|pages=|via=|access-date=2021-01-25|archive-date=2021-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831025211/https://www.academia.edu/39197821|url-status=live}}</ref> The palace was carefully restored by the Omar Benjelloun Foundation and converted into a museum in 1997.{{sfn|Mayhew|Dodd|2003|p=341}} The museum holds exhibits of both modern and traditional Moroccan art together with fine examples of historical books, coins and pottery produced by Moroccan Arab, Berber, and Jewish peoples.{{sfn|Sullivan|2006|p=144}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.museedemarrakech.ma/|title=Musée de Marrakech: Fondation Omar Benjelloun|language=fr|access-date=18 October 2012|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507014725/http://www.museedemarrakech.ma/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Dar Si Said 1465.jpg|thumb|[[Dar Si Said Museum]]]]
The [[Dar Si Said|Dar Si Said Museum]] is to the north of the Bahia Palace. It was the mansion of Si Said, brother to Grand Vizier [[Ba Ahmed|Ba Ahmad]], and was constructed in the same era as Ahmad's own [[Bahia Palace]].{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001|p=289}}{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|p=546}} In the 1930s, during the French Protectorate period, it was converted into a museum of Moroccan art and woodcraft.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Musée Dar si Saïd de Marrakech |url=http://www.fnm.ma/musee-dar-si-said-de-marrakech/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219060945/http://www.fnm.ma:80/musee-dar-si-said-de-marrakech/ |archive-date=2017-12-19 |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=Fondation nationale des musées |language=fr-FR}}</ref> After recent renovations, the museum reopened in 2018 as the National Museum of Weaving and Carpets'''.'''<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Ouverture du Musée National du Tissage et du Tapis Dar Si Saïd de Marrakech |url=http://www.fnm.ma/ouverture-du-musee-national-du-tissage-et-du-tapis-dar-si-said-de-marrakech/ |access-date=2021-01-24 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2018 |title=Après rénovation, le Musée Dar Si Said de Marrakech rouvre ses portes |url=https://medias24.com/2018/06/28/apres-renovation-le-musee-dar-si-said-de-marrakech-rouvre-ses-portes/ |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=Médias24}}</ref>

The former home and villa of Jacques Majorelle, a blue-coloured building within the Majorelle Gardens, was converted into the Berber Museum (''Musée [[Pierre Bergé]] des Arts Berbères'') in 2011, after previously serving as a museum of [[Islamic art]].<ref name="Jardin Majorelle-2021">{{Cite web|title=The MUSÉE PIERRE BERGÉ DES ARTS BERBÈRES – Jardin Majorelle|url=https://www.jardinmajorelle.com/en/the-musee-pierre-berge-des-arts-berberes/|access-date=2021-02-27|website=www.jardinmajorelle.com|archive-date=2021-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506002944/https://www.jardinmajorelle.com/en/the-musee-pierre-berge-des-arts-berberes/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Majorelle Gardens|url=https://archnet.org/sites/2845|access-date=2021-02-27|website=Archnet|archive-date=2021-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504084053/https://archnet.org/sites/2845|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Bloom|Blair|2009|p=466}} It exhibits a variety of objects of Amazigh (Berber) culture from across different regions of Morocco.<ref name="Jardin Majorelle-2021" />

The [[House of Photography of Marrakech]], opened by Patrick Menac’h and Hamid Mergani in 2009, holds exhibits of vintage Moroccan photography from the 1870s to 1950s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maison de la Photographie {{!}} Marrakesh, Morocco Attractions|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/maison-de-la-photographie/a/poi-sig/1378648/1316370|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Lonely Planet|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105190543/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/maison-de-la-photographie/a/poi-sig/1378648/1316370|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-11|title=Maison de la photo à Marrakech: Voyage dans le voyage ! [Médina]|url=https://www.vanupied.com/marrakech/musees-marrakech/maison-de-la-photo-a-marrakech-musee-incontournable-medina.html|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Vanupied|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2021-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105185041/https://www.vanupied.com/marrakech/musees-marrakech/maison-de-la-photo-a-marrakech-musee-incontournable-medina.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Mouassine Museum, by the same owners, consists of a historic 16th–17th-century house in the Mouassine neighbourhood which has been opened as a museum and cultural venue.<ref name="Vivre-Marrakech-2021">{{Cite web|title=Musée de la Musique - Musée Mouassine à Marrakech|url=http://vivre-marrakech.com/culture/musees-marrakech/musee-mouassine-marrakech/|access-date=2020-06-16|website=Vivre-Marrakech.com|archive-date=2021-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605135906/http://vivre-marrakech.com/culture/musees-marrakech/musee-mouassine-marrakech/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Musee de Mouassine Marrakesh|url=https://momaa.org/directory/general/musee-de-mouassine-marrakesh/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-05|website=MoMAA {{!}} African Modern Online Art Gallery & Lifestyle|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107093447/https://momaa.org/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-08|title=Le Musée de la Musique|url=https://museedelamusique.ma/about/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Musée de la Musique|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2021-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105171746/https://museedelamusique.ma/about/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Elsewhere in the medina, the [[Dar el Bacha|Dar El Bacha]] hosts the ''Musée des Confluences'', which opened in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le Matin - S.M. le Roi lance d'importants projets destinés à la préservation du patrimoine historique de l'ancienne médina de Marrakech et au renforcement de sa vocation touristique|url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2017/sm-le-roi-lance-d-importants-projets-destines-a-la-preservation-du-patrimoine-historique-de-l-ancienne-medina-de-marrakech-et-au-renforcement-de-sa-vocation-touristique/264868.html|website=Lematin.ma|access-date=2021-11-05|archive-date=2017-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216054201/http://lematin.ma/journal/2017/sm-le-roi-lance-d-importants-projets-destines-a-la-preservation-du-patrimoine-historique-de-l-ancienne-medina-de-marrakech-et-au-renforcement-de-sa-vocation-touristique/264868.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The museum holds temporary exhibits highlighting different facets of Moroccan culture<ref>{{Cite web|title=Confluence Museum (Dar El Pacha) in Marrakech, an exhibition of Islamic art in Marrakech, an exhibition of historical and archaeological data in Marrakech|url=https://visitmarrakech.com/discover-marrakech/tourist-attractions/confluences-museum-dar-el-bacha|website=Visitmarrakech.com|access-date=2021-11-05|archive-date=2019-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026095229/https://visitmarrakech.com/discover-marrakech/tourist-attractions/confluences-museum-dar-el-bacha|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as various art objects from different cultures across the world.''<ref name="Economiste-2018">{{Cite web|date=2018-11-12|title=Afrique, Asie, Amérique du Sud… au Musée des Confluences|url=https://www.leconomiste.com/article/1036336-afrique-asie-amerique-du-sud-au-musee-des-confluences|access-date=2020-12-19|website=L'Economiste|language=fr|archive-date=2021-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225073203/https://www.leconomiste.com/article/1036336-afrique-asie-amerique-du-sud-au-musee-des-confluences|url-status=live}}</ref>''  Various other small and often privately owned museums also exist, such as the Musée Boucharouite and the Perfume Museum (''Musée du Parfum'').<ref name="Planet Marrakech-2018">{{Cite web|date=2018-01-13|title=The Best Art Galleries in Marrakech|url=https://planetmarrakech.com/the-best-art-galleries-and-museums-in-marrakech/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Planet Marrakech|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210164426/https://planetmarrakech.com/the-best-art-galleries-and-museums-in-marrakech/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Musée Boucharouite {{!}} Marrakesh, Morocco Attractions|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/musee-boucharouite/a/poi-sig/1509013/1316370|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Lonely Planet|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105190543/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/musee-boucharouite/a/poi-sig/1509013/1316370|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Musée du Parfum {{!}} Marrakesh, Morocco Attractions|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/musee-du-parfum/a/poi-sig/1509916/1316370|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Lonely Planet|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107093407/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/musee-du-parfum/a/poi-sig/1509916/1316370|url-status=live}}</ref> Dar Bellarj, an arts center located in a former mansion next to the Ben Youssef Mosque, also occasionally hosts art exhibits.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dar Bellarj {{!}} Marrakesh, Morocco Attractions|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/dar-bellarj/a/poi-sig/1144248/1316370|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Lonely Planet|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316022435/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/dar-bellarj/a/poi-sig/1144248/1316370|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Planet Marrakech-2018" /> The [[Tiskiwin Museum]] is housed in another restored medina mansion and features a collection of artifacts from across the former the trans-Saharan trade routes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HOME|url=https://tiskiwin.com/|access-date=19 December 2020|website=Musée Tiskiwin|language=en-US|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307031338/https://tiskiwin.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Musée Tiskiwin {{!}} Marrakesh, Morocco Attractions|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/musee-tiskiwin/a/poi-sig/1144252/1316370|access-date=19 December 2020|website=Lonely Planet|language=en|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831025202/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/musee-tiskiwin/a/poi-sig/1144252/1316370|url-status=live}}</ref> A number of art galleries and museums are also found outside the medina, in Gueliz and its surrounding districts in the new city.<ref name="Hill-2021">{{Cite web|last=Hill|first=Lauren Jade|title=Discover This Flourishing Art Scene On Your Next Trip To Marrakech|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurenjadehill/2020/03/18/discover-this-flourishing-art-scene-on-your-next-trip-to-marrakech/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105185039/https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurenjadehill/2020/03/18/discover-this-flourishing-art-scene-on-your-next-trip-to-marrakech/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Planet Marrakech-2018" />

===Music, theatre and dance===
Two types of music are traditionally associated with Marrakesh. [[Music of Morocco|Moroccan music]] is influenced by Andalusian classical music and typified by its ''[[oud]]'' accompaniment. By contrast, [[Gnaoua]] music is loud and funky with a sound reminiscent of the Blues. It is performed on handmade instruments such as [[castanets]], ''ribabs'' (three-stringed banjos) and ''deffs'' (handheld drums). Gnaoua music's rhythm and crescendo take the audience into a mood of trance; the style is said to have emerged in Marrakesh and [[Essaouira]] as a ritual of deliverance from slavery.{{sfn|Bing|2011|pp=154–6}} More recently, several Marrakesh female music groups have also risen to popularity.{{sfn|Bing|2011|pp=154–156}}

The [[Théâtre Royal de Marrakesh]], the [[Institut Français (Marrakesh)|Institut Français]] and [[Dar Cherifa|Dar Chérifa]] are major performing arts institutions in the city. The Théâtre Royal, built by Tunisian architect [[Charles Boccara]], puts on theatrical performances of [[comedy]], [[opera]], and [[dance]] in Arabic and French.{{sfn|Christiani|2009|p=134}} A great number of storytellers, musicians and others also perform outdoor shows to entertain locals and tourists on the Jemaa el-Fnaa, especially at night.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ben Ismaïl |first=Ahmed |title=Cultural space of Jemaa el-Fna Square |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/cultural-space-of-jemaa-el-fna-square-00014 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage |language=en}}</ref>

===Crafts===
[[File:Hats on Marrakesh market.jpg|thumb|Locally made hats]]
The arts and crafts of Marrakesh have had a wide and enduring impact on Moroccan handicrafts to the present day. Riad décor is widely used in carpets and textiles, ceramics, woodwork, metal work and ''zelij''. Carpets and textiles are weaved, sewn or embroidered, sometimes used for upholstering. Moroccan women who practice craftsmanship are known as ''Maalems'' (expert craftspeople) and make such fine products as Arabic and Berber carpets and shawls made of ''sabra'' (another name for [[rayon]], also sometimes called cactus silk).{{sfn|Bing|2011|pp=154–156}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=WEAVING A STORY → Franklin Till |url=https://www.franklintill.com/journal/weaving-a-story |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=www.franklintill.com |archive-date=2023-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928145111/https://www.franklintill.com/journal/weaving-a-story |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UccqN88XifoC |title=TRAVEL WEEKLY |date=2006 |publisher=Reed Business Information Limited |pages=93 |language=en}}</ref> Ceramics are in varying styles in monochrome, a limited tradition depicting bold forms and decorations.{{sfn|Bing|2011|pp=154–156}}

Wood crafts are generally made of [[Cedar wood|cedar]], including the ''riad'' doors and palace ceilings. [[Orange wood]] is used for making [[ladle (spoon)|ladle]]s known as ''harira'' (lentil soup ladles). ''[[Thuya]]'' craft products are made of caramel coloured ''[[Tetraclinis|thuya]]'', a [[conifer]] indigenous to Morocco. Since this species is almost extinct, these trees are being replanted and promoted by the artists' cooperative Femmes de Marrakech.{{sfn|Bing|2011|pp=154–156}}

Metalwork made in Marrakesh includes [[brass]] lamps, iron lanterns, [[candle]] holders made from recycled [[sardine]] tins, and engraved brass teapots and tea trays used in the traditional serving of tea. Contemporary art includes sculpture and figurative paintings. Blue veiled ''Tuareg'' figurines and calligraphy paintings are also popular.{{sfn|Bing|2011|pp=154–156}}

===Festivals===
Festivals, both national and Islamic, are celebrated in Marrakesh and throughout the country, and some of them are observed as national holidays.{{sfn|Aldosar|2007|p=1245}} Cultural festivals of note held in Marrakesh include the National Folklore Festival, the Marrakech Festival of Popular Arts (in which a variety of famous Moroccan musicians and artists participate), international folklore festival Marrakech Folklore Days<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marrakechfolkloredays.ma/ |title=Marrakech Folklore Days &#124; Marrakech celebrating cultural heritage of world |access-date=2021-12-22 |archive-date=2019-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623210811/http://marrakechfolkloredays.ma/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Berber Festival.{{sfn|Aldosar|2007|p=1245}}{{sfn|Bing|2011|p=25}} The [[International Film Festival of Marrakech]], which aspires to be the North African version of the [[Cannes Film Festival]], was established in 2001.{{sfn|Humphrys|2010}} The festival, which showcases over 100 films from around the world annually, has attracted Hollywood stars such as [[Martin Scorsese]], [[Francis Ford Coppola]], [[Susan Sarandon]], [[Jeremy Irons]], [[Roman Polanski]] and many European, Arab and [[India]]n film stars.{{sfn|Humphrys|2010}} The Marrakech Bienniale was established in 2004 by [[Vanessa Branson]] as a cultural festival in various disciplines, including visual arts, cinema, video, literature, performing arts, and architecture.<ref name=marrakechbiennale.com>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.marrakechbiennale.com/history/|publisher=Marrakech Biennale|access-date=2 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605072244/http://www.marrakechbiennale.com/history/|archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref>

===Food===
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Surrounded by lemon, orange, and [[olive]] groves, the city's culinary characteristics are rich and heavily spiced but not hot, using various preparations of ''[[Ras el hanout]]'' (which means "Head of the shop"), a blend of dozens of spices which include ash berries, chilli, cinnamon, grains of paradise, monk's pepper, nutmeg, and turmeric.<ref name=Radan2013>{{cite news|last=Radan|first=Silvia|title=A journey through Marrakech cuisine|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data/expressions/2013/April/expressions_April17.xml&section=expressions|access-date=1 June 2013|newspaper=[[Khaleej Times]]|date=13 April 2013|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084426/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data%2Fexpressions%2F2013%2FApril%2Fexpressions_April17.xml&section=expressions|url-status=live}}</ref> A specialty of the city and the symbol of its cuisine is ''[[Tangia|tanjia marrakshia]]'', affectionately referred to as ''bint ar-rimad'' ({{Lang|ar|بنت الرماد}} "daughter of the ash"), a local meal prepared with beef meat, spices, and ''[[smen]]'' and slow-cooked in a ceramic pot in traditional oven in hot ashes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-11|title=حكاية بنت الرماد!|url=https://doc.aljazeera.net/in-picture/%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF/|access-date=2021-11-10|website=الجزيرة الوثائقية|language=ar|archive-date=2021-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110024911/https://doc.aljazeera.net/in-picture/%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tajines can be prepared with chicken, lamb, beef or fish, adding fruit, olives and preserved lemon, vegetables and spices, including cumin, peppers, saffron, turmeric, and ''ras el hanout''. The meal is prepared in a [[tajine]] pot and slow-cooked with steam. Another version of tajine includes vegetables and [[chickpea]]s seasoned with flower petals.{{sfn|Caldicott|Caldicott|2001|p=153}} Tajines may also be basted with "smen" Moroccan ghee that has a flavour similar to blue cheese.{{sfn|Mallos|2006|p=253}}

Shrimp, chicken and lemon-filled ''[[briouat]]s'' are another traditional specialty of Marrakesh. Rice is cooked with saffron, raisins, spices, and almonds, while [[couscous]] may have added vegetables. A ''[[pastilla]]'' is a [[filo]]-wrapped pie stuffed with minced chicken or pigeon that has been prepared with almonds, cinnamon, spices and sugar.{{sfn|Sullivan|2006|p=13}} [[Harira]] soup in Marrakesh typically includes lamb with a blend of chickpeas, lentils, vermicelli, and tomato paste, seasoned with coriander, spices and parsley. ''[[Kefta]]'' (mince meat), liver in ''[[crépinette]]'', ''[[merguez]]'' and [[tripe]] stew are commonly sold at the stalls of Jemaa el-Fnaa.{{sfn|Koehler|2012|p=32}}

[[File:شباكية ضخمة في مراكش.jpg|thumb|A massive [[Chebakia|shebakia]] in Marrakesh.]]
The desserts of Marrakesh include ''[[chebakia]]'' (sesame spice cookies usually prepared and served during Ramadan), [[tartlet]]s of filo dough with dried fruit, or cheesecake with dates.<ref name=telegraph2013>{{cite news|title=Marrakech magic|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130310/jsp/graphiti/16652348.jsp|access-date=1 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=19 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704223358/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130310/jsp/graphiti/16652348.jsp|archive-date=2015-07-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Moroccan tea culture]] is practiced in Marrakesh; [[green tea]] with mint is served with sugar from a curved teapot spout into small glasses.{{sfn|Humphrys|2010|p=114}} Another popular non-alcoholic drink is orange juice.{{sfn|Davies|2009|p=62}} Under the Almoravids, alcohol consumption was common;{{sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1996|p=468}} historically, hundreds of Jews produced and sold alcohol in the city.{{sfn|Gottreich|2007|p=164}} In the present day, alcohol is sold in some hotel bars and restaurants.{{sfn|Sullivan|2006|p=71}}