Editing Marcel Lefebvre (section)

== Legacy of the 1988 consecrations ==
=== Lifting of excommunications ===

On 10 March 2009, at the request of the four surviving bishops, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] lifted their excommunications.<ref>{{harvnb|Pope Benedict XVI|March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Pope Benedict XVI|July 2009}}: "I wished to remit the excommunication of the four Bishops illicitly ordained by Archbishop Lefebvre. With this decision I intended to remove an impediment that might have jeopardized the opening of a door to dialogue and thereby to invite the Bishops and the "Society of St Pius X" to rediscover the path to full communion with the Church."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Re|2009}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Luxmoore|2009}}</ref> In a letter to the bishops of the entire Church, Benedict offered this clarification:
{{Blockquote|The fact that the Society of Saint Pius X does not possess a canonical status in the Church is not, in the end, based on disciplinary but on doctrinal reasons. As long as the Society does not have a canonical status in the Church, its ministers do not exercise legitimate ministries in the Church.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church concerning the remission of the excommunication of the four Bishops consecrated by Archbishop Lefebvre |date=March 10, 2009 | access-date = 20 September 2021 | author = Benedict XVI| publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana | url=http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/letters/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20090310_remissione-scomunica.html}}</ref>}} One of the four bishops, [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Richard Williamson]], was subsequently expelled from the FSSPX in 2012 and excommunicated again in 2015 by [[Pope Francis]] for consecrating a bishop without permission of the Holy See.<ref>{{cite web |last=Glatz |first=Carol |date=19 March 2015 |title=Bishop Williamson is excommunicated after illicitly ordaining a bishop |url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2015/03/19/bishop-williamson-is-excommunicated-after-illicitly-ordaining-a-bishop/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117174218/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2015/03/19/bishop-williamson-is-excommunicated-after-illicitly-ordaining-a-bishop/ |archive-date=17 January 2019 |access-date=9 February 2019 |work=[[Catholic Herald]]}}</ref>

=== Episcopal lineage ===
The lineage originated by the 1988 consecrations amounts to 10 bishops as of 2025, out of whom 7 are alive:
* [[Alfonso de Galarreta|Bp Alfonso Ruiz de Galarreta]]
** [[Licínio Rangel|Bp Licinio Rangel]] (consecrated by [[Bernard Tissier de Mallerais|Bp Bernard Tissier de Mallerais]] – plus [[Alfonso de Galarreta|Bp Alfonso Ruiz de Galarreta]] operating as a co-consecrator)
* [[Bernard Fellay|Bp Bernard Fellay]]
* [[Bernard Tissier de Mallerais|Bp Bernard Tissier de Mallerais]] (+)
** [[Licínio Rangel|Bp Licinio Rangel]] (+)
*** [[Fernando Arêas Rifan|Bp Fernando Arêas Rifan]] (consecrated by [[Darío Castrillón Hoyos|Cdl Dario Castrillon Hoyos]] – plus [[Licínio Rangel|Bp Licinio Rangel]] operating as a consecrator) – with papal approval.
* [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Bp Richard Nelson Williamson]] (+)
** [[Licínio Rangel|Bp Licinio Rangel]] (consecrated by [[Bernard Tissier de Mallerais|Bp Bernard Tissier de Mallerais]] – plus [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Bp Richard Nelson Williamson]] operating as a consecrator)
** [[Jean-Michel Faure]] (consecrated [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Bp Richard Nelson Williamson]])<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1501193.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413092155/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1501193.htm | archive-date=13 April 2015 | title=British traditionalist bishop is excommunicated for illicit ordination }}</ref>
** [[Tomás de Aquino Ferreira da Costa]] (consecrated [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Bp Richard Nelson Williamson]] – plus [[Jean-Michel Faure (bishop)|Bp Jean-Michel Faure]] operating as a consecrator)
** [[Gerardo Zendejas]] (consecrated [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Bp Richard Nelson Williamson]] – plus [[Jean-Michel Faure (bishop)|Bp Jean-Michel Faure]] & [[Bp Dom Tomás de Aquino Ferreira da Costa]] operating as consecrators)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stmarcelinitiative.com/fourth-bishop/|title=Fourth Bishop {{!}} St. Marcel Initiative|website=stmarcelinitiative.com|date=11 March 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref>
** [[Bp Giacomo Ballini]] (consecrated [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Bp Richard Nelson Williamson]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=Ex-Lefebvrist prelate illicitly consecrates a fourth bishop |url=https://international.la-croix.com/news/religion/ex-lefebvrist-prelate-illicitly-consecrates-a-fourth-bishop/17152 |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=international.la-croix.com |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Michał Stobnicki]] (consecrated [[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Bp Richard Nelson Williamson]])<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-07-15|date=2023-07-15|language=en|title=Eleison Comments DCCCXXXV|url=https://stmarcelinitiative.com/two-kinds-of-bishop-i/|website=St. Marcel Initiative|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720044438/https://stmarcelinitiative.com/two-kinds-of-bishop-i/|url-status=dead}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>