Editing MAX Light Rail (section)

==Rolling stock==
{{Main|TriMet rolling stock}}
[[File:Portland MAX train of Type 2 + Type 1 cars at 5th & Mill (2015).jpg|thumb|A MAX train composed of one low-floor car and one high-floor car on the Portland Transit Mall in 2015]]

{{As of|2025|January}}, TriMet operates six models of light rail vehicles designated as "Type 1" through "Type 6",<ref name="Type6-2025">{{Cite news |last=Graf |first=Tyler |date=January 16, 2025 |title=All aboard! First of TriMet's newest MAX trains – 'the Type 6' – start serving riders |url=https://news.trimet.org/2025/01/all-aboard-first-of-trimets-newest-max-trains-the-type-6-start-serving-riders/ |publisher=TriMet |accessdate=January 16, 2025}}</ref> of which two are successive upgrades of the same model. The MAX system's 145 cars vary in length, from {{convert|88|ft|m|1|abbr=out}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Federman |first=Stan |title=Light-rail cars' colors to be 'brightened up' |newspaper=The Oregonian |date=May 7, 1983 |page=C3}}</ref><ref name="Roomy, good looking">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title='Roomy, good-looking' light-rail cars please Tri-Met official |newspaper=The Sunday Oregonian |date=November 27, 1983 |page=B5}}</ref> to {{convert|95|ft|m|1|abbr=out}}, and are used interchangeably on every line.<ref name="Rail Fleet"/> Downtown Portland's {{convert|200|ft|m|adj=on}} downtown blocks allow the operation of only one- or two-car consists to prevent stopped trains from blocking intersections.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article/167703 |last=Miskimins |first=Laurie |title=The 200 foot Block: Creating a more walkable Portland |publisher=[[Portland Bureau of Transportation]] |access-date=August 5, 2019 |archive-date=August 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805164032/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article/167703}}</ref><ref name=TNERJ-1995spr>{{cite magazine |last=Wilkins |first=Van |title=Portland's MAX |date=Spring 1995 |issue=27 |magazine=[[The New Electric Railway Journal]] |page=14 |issn=1048-3845}}</ref> Type 2 and 3 low-floor vehicles may run singularly or coupled to another Type 1, 2, or 3 vehicle. Type 1 high-floor vehicles are also capable of running singularly, but doing so would constrain accessibility due to a lack of wheelchair access. Thus, a high-floor car must be coupled with a low-floor car. Type 4 and 5 cars can only be coupled to one another.<ref name="Rail Fleet"/> Type 6 cars can be run as single cars or coupled with other Type 6 cars as a consist.

Twenty-six Type 1 high-floor vehicles were produced for the Banfield light rail project by a [[joint venture]] between [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] and [[La Brugeoise et Nivelles]] beginning in 1983.<ref name="Roomy, good looking"/> TriMet announced it would purchase seven additional vehicles that August,<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no by line; staff writer(s)--> |title=Tri-Met plans more cars; $1.5 million savings to be spent |newspaper=The Oregonian |date=August 11, 1983 |page=B8}}</ref> but a budget shortfall forced the agency to withdraw this proposal the following November.<ref>{{cite news |last=Federman |first=Stan |title=Tri-Met abandons plans to buy more rail cars |newspaper=The Oregonian |date=November 4, 1983 |page=C6}}</ref> The cars are similar in design to Bombardier vehicles that had been used in [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref name="Roomy, good looking"/> Bombardier built the frames in [[Quebec]] but its factory in [[Barre (town), Vermont|Barre, Vermont]], manufactured the majority of each car,<ref name="foreign-expertise">{{cite news |last=Federman |first=Stan |title=Banfield officials cite foreign expertise in light-rail contracts |newspaper=The Oregonian |date=September 12, 1982 |page=B7}}</ref> the first of which arrived in Portland in 1984.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=First car for light rail delivered |date=April 11, 1984 |newspaper=The Oregonian |page=C4}}</ref> Each {{convert|45|ST|t|adj=on}} car is single-articulated and contains six axles.<ref name="Rail Fleet"/><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--no by line; staff writer(s)--> |title=First car for light-rail on way |newspaper=The Oregonian |date=March 29, 1984 |page=B2}}</ref> The high floors connect with the low platforms through interior steps, which necessitated platform wheelchair lifts until the arrival of low-floor cars.<ref name="Rail Fleet"/> A car sits 76 people and has an overall capacity of 166.<ref name="Roomy, good looking"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Federman |first=Stan |title=Riding the light rails |newspaper=The Sunday Oregonian |date=February 12, 1984 |page=C6}}</ref>

In 1992, TriMet officials conducted an accessibility study and determined that low-floor cars were the most cost-effective alternative to providing universal access.<ref name="Rail Fleet"/> MAX then became the first light rail system in North America to acquire low-floor train sets when TriMet procured 39 model [[Siemens SD660|SD660]] cars from Siemens in 1993.<ref name="37low-floor">{{cite news |last=Oliver |first=Gordon |date=April 15, 1993 |title=Tri-Met prepares to purchase 37 low-floor light-rail cars |newspaper=The Oregonian |page=D4}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Vantuono |first=William C. |date=July 1993 |title=Tri-Met goes low-floor: Portland's Tri-Met has broken new ground with a procurement of low-floor light rail vehicles. The cars will be North America's first low-floor LRVs. |magazine=[[Railway Age]] |pages=49–51 |issn=0033-8826}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=October 1993 |title=LA And Portland Get New-Design LRVs |journal=[[International Railway Journal]] |pages=26–27 |issn=0744-5326}}</ref> These Type 2 cars were equipped with doorway wheelchair ramps.<ref name="railway-age-2016">{{cite news |last1=Vantuono |first1=William C. |title=Retractable bridge plates a first for Brightline |url=https://www.railwayage.com/passenger/intercity/retractable-bridge-plates-a-first-for-brightline/ |access-date=July 9, 2018 |magazine=[[Railway Age]] |date=February 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710020032/https://www.railwayage.com/passenger/intercity/retractable-bridge-plates-a-first-for-brightline/ |archive-date=July 10, 2018}}</ref> They entered service during the partial opening of the Westside MAX in 1997.<ref name="smooth">{{cite news |last=O'Keefe |first=Mark |date=September 1, 1997 |title=New MAX cars smooth the way for wheelchairs |newspaper=The Oregonian |page=B12}}</ref> By 2000, TriMet had ordered 17 more Type 2 cars including six for the Airport MAX project.<ref name="Take Shape"/><ref name="Rail Fleet"/> The system's 27 Type 3 vehicles, which the agency purchased as part of the Interstate MAX project and first brought into use in 2003, are the same model as the Type 2 vehicles but with technical upgrades and a new livery.<ref name="Rail Fleet"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Leeson |first=Fred |title=Hyphen and '70s hues left by the wayside |newspaper=The Oregonian |date=August 14, 2002 |page=C1}}</ref>

Twenty-two [[Siemens S700 and S70|Siemens S70]] low-floor cars, which were designated Type 4, were purchased in conjunction with the I-205 MAX and Portland Transit Mall projects, and were first used in 2009. Type 4 cars have a more streamlined design and more seating, and are lighter and more energy-efficient than the previous models. The Type 4 cars were the first in the MAX network to use [[LED display|LED-type]] [[destination sign]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Redden |first=Jim |title=TriMet puts new light-rail cars on track |newspaper=Portland Tribune |date=August 6, 2009 |url=http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=124959768388491400 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831121611/http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=124959768388491400 |archive-date=August 31, 2009 |access-date=May 17, 2015}}</ref> The second series of S70 cars, TriMet's Type 5 vehicles, were procured for the Portland–Milwaukie light rail project. TriMet placed an order for the Type 5 cars with Siemens in 2012 and delivery commenced in 2014.<ref name=taut-2015jul>''[[Tramways & Urban Transit]]'' magazine, July 2015, p. 289. UK: LRTA Publishing. ISSN 1460-8324.</ref> These vehicles include some improvements over the Type 4 cars, including less-cramped interior seating, and improvements to the air-conditioning system and wheelchair ramps.<ref name=cramped>{{cite news|last=Rose|first=Joseph|title=TriMet asks cramped MAX riders to help design next-generation train's seating|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=July 31, 2012|url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/commuting/2012/07/trimet_asks_cramped_max_riders.html|access-date=September 4, 2012|archive-date=August 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804002951/http://blog.oregonlive.com/commuting/2012/07/trimet_asks_cramped_max_riders.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="type5">{{cite web|title=PMLR Type 5 LRV Fact Sheet|url=http://trimet.org/pdfs/max/Type5_LRVs.pdf|publisher=TriMet|access-date=May 17, 2015|date=March 2015|archive-date=May 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503093823/http://trimet.org/pdfs/max/Type5_LRVs.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> These introduced a new seating layout in the center section, among other changes, and Siemens later retroactively redesignated TriMet's Type 5 cars as model S700.<ref name="taut-2020sep">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Siemens rebadges North American low-floor cars |date=September 2020 |magazine=[[Tramways & Urban Transit]] |page=336 |publisher=Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. |location=UK |number=993 |issn=1460-8324 }}</ref>

In July 2019, TriMet placed an order for 26 [[Siemens S700 and S70|Siemens S700]] light rail vehicles that are intended to replace the system's Type 1 vehicles.<ref name="type-6-order"/> The order was expanded to 30 cars in June 2021.<ref name="TAUT-2021aug">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Worldwide Review [regular news section] |date=August 2021 |magazine=[[Tramways & Urban Transit]] |page=350 |location=UK |publisher=Mainspring Enterprises Ltd|issn=1460-8324}}</ref> The first car was delivered in December 2022, and the type is designated Type 6.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the New MAX |url=https://trimet.org/max6/index.htm |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=trimet.org |language=en-US |archive-date=December 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227054450/https://trimet.org/max6/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Type 6 arrives">{{cite web |title=The first Type 6 rail vehicle arrives |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-GOczw8evs |publisher=TriMet |via=YouTube |access-date=2024-12-02 |date=December 19, 2022 |quote=We welcomed the first 'Type 6' MAX light rail vehicle into our Ruby Junction rail facility in mid-December, 2022. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524125932/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-GOczw8evs |archive-date=May 24, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2025, Type 6 vehicles began entering service, with vehicles 603 and 605 being the first two cars to enter revenue service.<ref name="Type6-2025"/>