Editing Lviv (section)

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|5=1939|6=340000|7=1959|8=410678|9=1970|10=553452|11=1979|12=667243|13=1989|14=790908|15=2001|16=732818|17=2011|18=732009|19=2022|20=717273|align=right|cols=1|source=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-cities.htm|title=Cities & towns of Ukraine|website=pop-stat.mashke.org}}</ref>}}Lviv residents live 75 years on average, and this age is 7 years longer than the average age in Ukraine and 8 years more than the world average (68 years). In 2010 the [[average life expectancy]] was 71 among men and 79.5 years among women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.city-institute.org/Socio/Demographic_forecast_small_eng.jpg|title=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205154531/http://www.city-institute.org/Socio/Demographic_forecast_small_eng.jpg |access-date=7 August 2023|archive-date=5 December 2014 }}</ref> The [[fertility]] rates have been steadily increasing between 2001 and 2010; however, the effects of low fertility in the previous years remained noticeable even though the [[birth rates]] grew. However, there is an acute shortage of young people under the age of 25. In 2011, 13.7% of Lviv's population consisted of young people under 15 years and 17.6% of persons aged 60 years and over.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ebed.org.ua/sites/expertise.one2action.com/files/repo/ebed_lviv_city_profile_eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701033150/http://www.ebed.org.ua/sites/expertise.one2action.com/files/repo/ebed_lviv_city_profile_eng.pdf |url-status=dead |title=Lviv City Profile 2010–2011 |archive-date=1 July 2014}}</ref>

===Historical populations===
{|class="wikitable floatright"
! colspan="7" style="background:#E0E0E0;"|Population structure by religion 1869–1931
|-
! Community
! 1869<ref name="Britannica1890" />
! 1890<ref name="Brockhaus1894" />
! 1900<ref name="Meyers1908" />
! 1910<ref name="Hann">C. M. Hann, Paul Robert Magocsi ed. ''Galicia: a Multicultured land''. [[University of Toronto Press]]. 2005. p. 155.</ref>
! 1921<ref name="Hann" />
! 1931<ref name="Chorny" />
|-
|Roman Catholic||53.1%||52.6%||51.7%||51%||51%||50.4%
|-
|Jewish||30.6%||28.2%||27.7%||28%||35%||31.9%
|-
|Greek Catholic||14.2%||17.1%||18.3%||19%||12%||15.9%
|}

{|class="wikitable floatright"
! colspan="9" style="background:#E0E0E0;"|Population makeup by ethnicity 1900–2001
|-
! Ethnicity
! 1900<ref>[http://etno.uaweb.org/nsklad/1900-halychyna.html Населення Східної Галичини] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031192201/http://etno.uaweb.org/nsklad/1900-halychyna.html|date=31 October 2010 }} за переписом 1900 року</ref>
! 1931<ref name=Chorny>[http://etno.uaweb.org/nsklad/1931-lvivske.html Національний склад Львівського воєводства] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031192233/http://etno.uaweb.org/nsklad/1931-lvivske.html|date=31 October 2010 }} за переписом 1931 року</ref>
! 1944<ref name="Risch">William Jay Risch. ''Ukrainian West: Culture and the Fate of Empire in Soviet Lviv.'' [[Harvard University Press]]. 2011. pp. 41–42.</ref>
! 1950
! 1959<ref name=Szporluk>Roman Szporluk. ''Russia, Ukraine, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union''. Hoover Institution Press, 2000, p. 304. {{ISBN|0-8179-9542-0}}</ref>
! 1979<ref name=Szporluk />
! 1989<ref name=Szporluk />
! 2001<ref name="2001census" />
|- style="text-align:right;"
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Ukrainians]]||19.9%||15.9%||26.4%||49.9%||60.0%||74.0%||79.1%||88.1%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Russians]]||0.0%||0.2%||5.5%||31.2%||27.0%||19.3%||16.1%||8.9%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Jews]]||26.5%||31.9%||||6.4%||6.0%||2.7%||1.6%||0.3%
|- style="text-align:right;"
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Polish people|Poles]]||49.4%||50.4%||63%||10.3%||4.0%||1.8%||1.2%||0.9%
|}
[[File:Lviv ethnicity.png|right|500px]]

{|class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:right; margin:0 0 0 1em;"
! colspan="4"|Ethnicity in Lviv according to censuses of 1989 and 2001 respectively
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Ukrainians]]
|622,800||79.1%||88.1%
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Russians]]
|126,418||16.1%||8.9%
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Jews]]
|12,837||1.6%||0.3%
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Polish people|Poles]]
|9,697||1.2%||0.9%
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Belarusians]]
|5,800||0.7%||0.4%
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Armenians]]
|1,000||0.1%||0.1%
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Total
|778,557||||
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:left;"|<small>Numbers do not include regions nor the surrounding towns.</small><ref name="per">Official census of 2001.</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2017}}
|}

*Year 1405: approx. 4,500 inhabitants in the Old Town, and additionally approx. 600 in the two suburbs.<ref name="Petersen">Heidemarie Petersen: ''Judengemeinde und Stadtgemeinde in Polen: Lemberg 1356–1581''. Harrasso Verlag, Wiesbaden 2003, p. 50 (in German, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HoEtGJ9GKGYC&pg=PA50 limited online preview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=HoEtGJ9GKGYC&pg=PA50 |date=2 January 2016 }})</ref>
*Year 1544: approx. 3,000 inhabitants in the Old Town (number had decreased by about 30% due to the fire of 1527), and additionally approx. 2,700 in the suburbs.<ref name="Petersen" />
*Year 1840: approx. 67,000 inhabitants, including 20,000 Jews.<ref>''Universal-Lexikon der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit'' (edited by H. A. Pierer). 2nd edition, vol. 7, Altenburg 1843, p. 344.</ref>
*Year 1850: nearly 80,000 inhabitants (together with the four suburbs), including more than 25,000 Jews.<ref>''Konversations-Lexikon'' (edited by Brockhaus). 10th edition, vol. 9, Leipzig 1853, p. 512.</ref>
*Year 1869: 87,109 inhabitants, among them 46,252 Roman Catholics, 26,694 Jews, 12,406 members of the Greek Uniate Churches.<ref name="Britannica1890">''The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences and general literature''. Vol. 14. The Henry G. Allen Company. 1890. p. 435.</ref>
*Year 1890: 127,943 inhabitants (64,102 male, 63,481 female), among them 67,280 [[Roman-Catholic Church|Catholics]], 36,130 [[Judaic]], 21,876 members of the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Uniate Churches]], 2,061 Protestants, 596 Orthodox and others.<ref name="Brockhaus1894">''Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon''. 14th edition, vol. 11, Leipzig 1894, p. 76</ref>
*Year 1900: 159,877 inhabitants, including the military (10,326 men). Of these inhabitants, 82,597 were members of the [[Roman Catholic Church]], 29,327 members of the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Uniate Churches]], and 44,258 were Jews. As their language of communication, 120,634 used [[Polish language|Polish]], 20,409 [[German language|German]] or [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], and 15,159 [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]].<ref name="Meyers1908">''Meyers Konversations-Lexikon''. 6th edition, vol. 12, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, pp. 397–398.</ref>
*Year 1921: 219,400 inhabitants, including 112,000 [[Polish people|Poles]], 76,000 Jews and 28,000 [[Ukrainians]].<ref name="brockhaus">''Der Große Brockhaus''. 15th edition, vol. 11, Leipig 1932, pp. 296–297.</ref>
*Year 1939: 340.000 inhabitants.<ref>''Meyers Enzyklopädisches Lexikon''. 9th edition, vol. 14, Mannheim/Vienna/Zürich 1975, p. 802.</ref>
*Year 1940: 500,000.<ref name="Risch" />
*July 1944: 149,000.<ref name="Risch" />
*Year 1955: 380,000.<ref name="Risch" />
*Year 2001: 725,000 inhabitants, of whom 88% were Ukrainians, 9% [[Russians]] and 1% Poles.<ref name="2001census">{{Cite web |url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Lviv/ |title=Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 |website=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua |access-date=2 May 2011 |archive-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723105733/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Lviv/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A further 200,000 people commuted daily from suburbs.
*Year 2007: 735,000 inhabitants. By gender: 51.5% women, and 48.5% men.<ref name="per" />{{full citation needed|date=February 2017}} By place of birth:<ref name="per" />{{full citation needed|date=February 2017}} 56% born in Lviv, 19% born in [[Lviv Oblast]], 11% born in East Ukraine, 7% born in the former republics of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] (Russia 4%), 4% born in Poland, and 3% born in [[West Ukrainian People's Republic|Western Ukraine]], but not in the [[Lviv Oblast]].
*Religious adherence: (2001)<ref name="per" />{{full citation needed|date=February 2017}}
**52% [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]
**31% [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate|Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate]]
**{{0|0}}5% [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]]
**{{0|0}}3% [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]]
**{{0|0}}3% Other faiths

===Language===
{|class="floatright wikitable"
! colspan="5" style="background:#E0E0E0;" |Language use throughout 20th century
|-
! Language !! 1931 !! 1970 !! 1979 !! 1989
|-
|Ukrainian||&nbsp;11.3%||&nbsp;65.2%||&nbsp;71.3%||&nbsp;77.2%
|-
|Russian||&nbsp;0.1%||&nbsp;31.1%||&nbsp;25.7%||&nbsp;19.9%
|-
|Yiddish||&nbsp;24.1%||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;
|-
|Polish||&nbsp;63.5%||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;
|-
|Other||&nbsp;1.0%||&nbsp;3.7%||&nbsp;3.0%||&nbsp;2.9%
|}
The majority of Leopolitans speak [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]. The use of Ukrainian in the city has surged since the 1970s, while the use of Russian has declined since the 1980s. In 2000, it was estimated that 80% of Leopolitans spoke Ukrainian.<ref name="The population of Lviv in the mirror polls">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n23texts/sadovyj.htm |title=Андрій Садовий |website=www.ji.lviv.ua |access-date=10 April 2013 |archive-date=16 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816124100/http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n23texts/sadovyj.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Results of the [[2001 Ukrainian census|2001 census]]:<ref>{{cite web | language=uk | url=https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/ | title=Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України}}</ref>
{| class="standard"
|-
! Language
! Number
! Percentage
|-
| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| align="right"| 641 688 ||align="right"| 88.48%
|-
| [[Russian language in Ukraine|Russian]]
| align="right"| 72 125 || align="right"| 9.95%
|-
| Other or undecided
| align="right"| 11 389 || align="right"| 1.57%
|-
| Total
| align="right"| 725 202 || align="right"| 100.00%
|}

According to one survey conducted by the [[International Republican Institute]] in mid-2023, 96% of the city's inhabitants spoke Ukrainian at home, while 3% of them spoke Russian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/municipal_survey_may_2023_ua_-_final.pdf|title=Municipal Survey 2023|website=ratinggroup.ua|access-date=7 August 2023|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719164824/https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/municipal_survey_may_2023_ua_-_final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ethnic Polish population===
{|class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Historical Polish population
|-
! Year
! Poles
! %
|-
|1921<ref name="brockhaus" />
|112,000
|51
|-
|1989
|9,500<ref>1.2% of 790,908</ref>
|1.2<ref name="2001census" />
|-
|2001<ref name="2001census" />
|6,400
|0.9
|}

Ethnic Poles and the [[Polish Jews]] began to settle in Lwów in considerable numbers already in 1349 after the city was conquered by [[Casimir III the Great|King Casimir]] of the [[Piast dynasty]]. Lwów served as Poland's major cultural and economic centre for several centuries, during the [[Polish Golden Age]], and until the [[partitions of Poland]] perpetrated by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Poland, a Jewish Revival Thrives |quote=Probably about 70 percent of the world's European Jews, or [[Ashkenazi]], can trace their ancestry to Poland – thanks to a 14th-century king, Casimir III the Great, who drew Jewish settlers from across Europe with his vow to protect them as "people of the king". |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 July 2007}}</ref> In the [[Second Polish Republic]], the [[Lwów Voivodeship]] (inhabited by 2,789,000 people in 1921) grew to 3,126,300 inhabitants in ten years.<ref name="grodek">{{cite web |url=http://www.grodekjagiellonski.republika.pl/wojewodztwo.html |title=Województwo lwowskie. 1920–1939 |publisher=Grodek Jagiellonski |work=KALENDARIUM |date=2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308215808/http://www.grodekjagiellonski.republika.pl/wojewodztwo.html |archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref>

As a result of World War II, Lviv was de-Polonised, mainly through [[Polish population transfers (1944–1946)|Soviet-arranged population exchange in 1944–1946]] but also by early deportations to Siberia.<ref name="loz">{{cite web |url=http://postup.brama.com/010928/148_8_1.html |author=R. Lozinsky |title=poles in Lviv |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175015/http://postup.brama.com/010928/148_8_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Those who remained on their own volition after [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|the border shift]] became a small ethnic minority in Lviv. By 1959 Poles made up only 4% of the local population. Many families were mixed.<ref name=loz /> During the Soviet decades only two Polish schools continued to function: [[St. Mary Magdalene High School No. 10 in Lviv|No. 10]] (with 8 grades) and No. 24 (with 10 grades).<ref name=loz />

In the 1980s the process of uniting groups into ethnic associations was allowed. In 1988 a Polish-language newspaper was permitted (''[[Gazeta Lwowska]]'').<ref name="ir">[https://archive.today/20060118000349/http://www.polska.com.ua/ua/ambasada/news/3526/ Polish Embassy ''The Poles in Lviv continue to be proud of their identity''], accessed 21:05, 29 October 2009</ref> The Polish population of the city continues to use the dialect of the Polish language known as ''[[Lwów dialect]]'' ({{langx|pl|gwara lwowska}}).<ref name=ir />

An association of Poles named [[Association of Poles "White Eagle"|White Eagle]] was founded in Lviv in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Orzeł Biały Lwów |url=http://orzelbialy.org.ua/ |website=orzelbialy.org.ua |language=uk-UA}}</ref>

===Jewish population===
The first known Jews in Lviv date back to the tenth century.<ref name="erasedvanishingtraces">{{cite book |last1=Bartov |first1=Omer |title=Erased: Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-Day Ukraine |date=2007 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=9780691131214 |oclc=123912559 |pages=13–41}}</ref> The oldest remaining Jewish tombstone dates back to 1348.<ref name="erasedvanishingtraces"/> Apart from the Rabbanite Jews there were many [[Crimean Karaites|Karaites]] who had settled in the city after coming from the East and from [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]]. After Casimir III conquered Lviv in 1349 the Jewish citizens received many privileges equal to that of other citizens of Poland. Lviv had two separate [[Jewish quarter (diaspora)|Jewish quarters]], one within the city walls and one outside on the outskirts of the city. Each had its separate [[synagogue]], although they shared a cemetery, which was also used by the [[Crimean Karaite]] community. Before 1939 there were 97 synagogues.

Before the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] about one-third of the city's population was made up of Jews (more than 140,000 on the eve of World War II). This number swelled to about 240,000 by the end of 1940 as tens of thousands of Jews fled from the [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|Nazi-occupied parts]] of Poland into the relative (and temporary) sanctuary of Soviet-occupied Poland (including Lviv) following the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] that divided Poland into Nazi and Soviet zones in 1939. Most of the Jewish population was killed in the Holocaust. Meanwhile, the Nazis also destroyed the Jewish cemetery, which was subsequently "paved over by the Soviets".<ref name="erasedvanishingtraces"/>

Due to the Holocaust and migration, the original Jewish population of the city all but vanished. After the war, the remnant was replenished by a newer Jewish population, formed from among the hundreds of thousands of Russians and Ukrainians who migrated to the city. The post-war Jewish population peaked at 30,000 in the 1970s. Currently, the Jewish population has shrunk considerably as a result of [[emigration]] (mainly to Israel and the United States) and, to a lesser degree, [[Jewish assimilation|assimilation]], and is estimated to number a few thousand.<ref>{{cite web |title=L'viv entry |url=https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/lviv#id0e2jbk |access-date=18 November 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118135400/https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/lviv#id0e2jbk |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of organisations continue to be active.
[[File:Стінопис-привид вул Тиктора Львів.jpg|thumb|Dairy store ''"[[:pl:mleczarnia|mleczarnia]]"'' adverts. One can still find pre-war Polish, Yiddish, and German [[ghost signs]] around the city.]]
The [[Sholem Aleichem]] Jewish Culture Society in Lviv initiated the construction of a monument to the victims of the [[ghetto]] in 1988. On 23 August 1992, the memorial complex to the victims of the Lwów ghetto (1941–1943) was officially opened.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorial for the Lwów Ghetto Victims |url=http://www.lvivcenter.org/en/lia/description?ci_objectid=224 |publisher=Center for Urban History of East Central Europe |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=1 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501193308/http://www.lvivcenter.org/en/lia/description?ci_objectid=224 |url-status=live }}</ref> During 2011–2012, some [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] acts against the memorial took place. On 20 March 2011, it was reported that the slogan "death to the Jews" with a [[swastika]] was sprayed on the monument.<ref>{{cite web |title=Near Lviv desecrated monument to Holocaust victims |url=http://jn.com.ua/Antisemitism/lvov_1703.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421022626/http://jn.com.ua/Antisemitism/lvov_1703.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2011 |publisher=JewishNews.com.ua |access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> On 21 March 2012, the memorial was vandalized by unknown individuals, in what seemed to be an [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] act.<ref>{{cite web |title=Львовский мемориал жертвам Холокоста во Львове осквернили. ФОТО |url=http://polemika.com.ua/news-85154.html |publisher=ДемотиваторыДемотиваторы Редакция не несет ответственности за содержание и |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324111203/http://polemika.com.ua/news-85154.html |archive-date=24 March 2012}}</ref>