Editing Lithuania (section)

===Science and technology===
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| footer = Lithuanian nobleman and [[artillery]] expert [[Kazimieras Simonavičius]] developed and popularized the concept of a [[multistage rocket]].
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The foundation of the [[University of Vilnius]] in 1579 was a major factor in fostering a scientific and academic community within Lithuania. The university has welcomed such prominent scientists and thinkers as [[Georg Forster]], [[Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert]], [[Johann Peter Frank]]. The 17th century artillery expert [[Kazimieras Simonavičius]] is considered a pioneer of [[rocket]]ry; his publication, the ''Artis Magnae Artilleriae,'' was a basic [[artillery]] manual throughout Europe, containing a large chapter on caliber, construction, production and properties of rockets (for military and civil purposes), including [[multistage rocket]]s, [[rocket battery|batteries of rockets]], and rockets with [[delta wing]] [[Stabilizer (aircraft)|stabilizers]].<ref>{{cite book|page=44|title=Astronautics|author=Ulrich Walter|publisher=[[Wiley-VCH]]|year=2008|isbn=978-3-527-40685-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kazimieras Simonavičius|url=http://www.ksu.lt/en/kazimieras-simonavicius-2/|website=[[Kazimieras Simonavičius University]]|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304035956/https://ksu.lt/en/kazimieras-simonavicius-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> Botanist [[Jurgis Pabrėža]] (1771–1849) created the first systematic guide of Lithuanian flora, ''Taislius auguminis'' (''Botany''), written in the Samogitian dialect, the Latin-Lithuanian dictionary of plant names, and the first Lithuanian geography textbook. German scientist [[Theodor Grotthuss]] (1785–1822), who proposed the [[Grotthuss mechanism]], lived and worked in the {{Ill|Gedučiai manor|lt|Gedučių dvaras}}, where he gained local prominence for his effort to educate and improve the well-being of peasants.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kajėnas |first1=Kostas |last2=Stankevičius |first2=Martynas |date=21 June 2022 |title=Theodoras von Grotthussas. Garsiausias Lietuvos mokslininkas, pralenkęs laiką |url=https://www.bernardinai.lt/theodoras-von-grotthussas-garsiausias-lietuvos-mokslininkas-pralenkes-laika/ |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=Bernardinai.lt |language=lt |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621202655/https://www.bernardinai.lt/theodoras-von-grotthussas-garsiausias-lietuvos-mokslininkas-pralenkes-laika/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The world wars of the 20th century severely diminished Lithuanian science and academia, although Lithuanian scholars and scientists managed to succeed, particularly abroad, including philosopher [[Vasily Seseman|Vosylius Sezemanas]], jurist [[Michał Pius Römer|Mykolas Römeris]], aviator [[Antanas Gustaitis]], management theorist [[Vytautas Andrius Graičiūnas]], archaeologist [[Marija Gimbutas]], primatologist [[Birutė Galdikas]], linguist [[Algirdas Julien Greimas]], and [[Medieval studies|medievalist]] [[Jurgis Baltrušaitis (son)|Jurgis Baltrušaitis]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lietuvos kronika 1993 – 16 (1674) Marija Alseikaitė – Gimbutienė|url=http://www.lrt.lt/mediateka/irasas/31010/lietuvos-kronika-1993-16-1674-marija-alseikaite-gimbutiene|website=LRT|date=15 September 1993|access-date=29 March 2018|language=lt|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430133853/https://www.lrt.lt/mediateka/irasas/31010/lietuvos-kronika-1993-16-1674-marija-alseikaite-gimbutiene|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Bulota|first1=Šarūnas|title=Garsiausia pasaulio orangutanų tyrinėtoja Birutė Galdikas: "Lietuvių kultūra – mano kraujyje"|url=https://www.15min.lt/naujiena/gyvunu-klubas/ivykiai/garsiausia-pasaulio-orangutanu-tyrinetoja-birute-galdikas-lietuviu-kultura-mano-kraujyje-172-331747|website=15min.lt|access-date=2 May 2013|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417191035/https://www.15min.lt/naujiena/gyvunu-klubas/ivykiai/garsiausia-pasaulio-orangutanu-tyrinetoja-birute-galdikas-lietuviu-kultura-mano-kraujyje-172-331747|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Arvydas Kliorė|url=http://www.yrasalis.lt/desimt/inzinieriai/dr-arvydas-kliore/|website=yrasalis.lt|access-date=15 February 2018|language=lt-LT|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417194859/http://www.yrasalis.lt/desimt/inzinieriai/dr-arvydas-kliore/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biografija – A. J. Greimas|url=http://www.greimas.eu/biografija/|website=greimas.eu|access-date=15 February 2018|language=lt-LT|archive-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216091947/http://www.greimas.eu/biografija/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=STAR (Self-Testing And Repairing) computer|url=http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/STAR.html|website=Daviddarling.info|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430190659/https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/STAR.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mathematician [[Jonas Kubilius]], long-term rector of the [[University of Vilnius]], is known for works in [[Probabilistic number theory]], including the [[Kubilius model]], Theorem of Kubilius and the [[Turán–Kubilius inequality]]. Kubilius also successfully resisted attempts to Russify the university.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iš Vilniaus universiteto istorijos, 1955–1990|date=5 November 1995|pages=1–2|url=http://www.draugas.org/archive/1994_reg/1994-11-05-PRIEDAS-DRAUGAS-i5-8.pdf|access-date=31 March 2018|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225022329/http://www.draugas.org/archive/1994_reg/1994-11-05-PRIEDAS-DRAUGAS-i5-8.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Laser]]s and [[biotechnology]] are flagship fields of the Lithuanian science and high-tech industry.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/lithuania-leading-light-laser-technology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110175105/https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/lithuania-leading-light-laser-technology|archive-date=10 January 2018|title=Lithuania, a leading light in laser technology – Digital Single Market|date=10 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Daugiausiai inovacijų lietuviai sukūrė gyvybės mokslų srityje|url=https://www.delfi.lt/partnerio-turinys/lietuvos-amziaus-inovacijos/daugiausiai-inovaciju-lietuviai-sukure-gyvybes-mokslu-srityje.d?id=75754757|website=[[DELFI]]|access-date=14 September 2017|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417181824/https://www.delfi.lt/partnerio-turinys/lietuvos-amziaus-inovacijos/daugiausiai-inovaciju-lietuviai-sukure-gyvybes-mokslu-srityje.d?id=75754757|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Šviesos konversija'' ("Light Conversion") has developed a [[femtosecond]] laser system that has 80% market share worldwide, with applications in DNA research, ophthalmological surgeries, and nanotechnology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Light Conversion – About Us|url=http://lightcon.com/about-us.html|website=lightcon.com|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120194735/http://www.lightcon.com/about-us.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Įgyvendinta svajonė sukėlė perversmą pasaulinėje lazerių rinkoje|url=https://www.delfi.lt/partnerio-turinys/lietuvos-amziaus-inovacijos/igyvendinta-svajone-sukele-perversma-pasaulineje-lazeriu-rinkoje.d?id=75532853|website=[[DELFI]]|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417194908/https://www.delfi.lt/partnerio-turinys/lietuvos-amziaus-inovacijos/igyvendinta-svajone-sukele-perversma-pasaulineje-lazeriu-rinkoje.d?id=75532853|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Vilnius University]] Laser Research Center has developed one of the most powerful femtosecond lasers in the world dedicated primarily to [[Oncology|oncological diseases]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lietuviai sukūrė vieną galingiausių lazerių pasaulyje|url=https://www.delfi.lt/partnerio-turinys/lietuvos-amziaus-inovacijos/lietuviai-sukure-viena-galingiausiu-lazeriu-pasaulyje.d?id=75607431|website=[[DELFI]]|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417195008/https://www.delfi.lt/partnerio-turinys/lietuvos-amziaus-inovacijos/lietuviai-sukure-viena-galingiausiu-lazeriu-pasaulyje.d?id=75607431|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1963, [[Vytautas Straižys]] and his colleagues created [[Vilnius photometric system]] that is used in [[astronomy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Vilniaus astrofotometrinė sistema|url=http://astronomija.lt/enciklopedija/index.php/Vilniaus_astrofotometrin%C4%97_sistema|website=astronomija.lt|access-date=4 February 2018|language=lt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205072446/http://astronomija.lt/enciklopedija/index.php/Vilniaus_astrofotometrin%C4%97_sistema|archive-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> Noninvasive intracranial pressure and blood flow measuring devices were developed by [[Kaunas University of Technology|KTU]] scientist A. Ragauskas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.epo.org/european-inventor/finalists/2016/ragauskas.html|website=m.epo.org/|title=Finalist for the European Inventor Award 2016|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407184238/https://m.epo.org/european-inventor/finalists/2016/ragauskas.html|archive-date=7 April 2018}}</ref> Kęstutis Pyragas contributed to the study of [[Control of chaos|chaos theory]] with his method of delayed feedback control, the [[Pyragas method]]. [[Kavli Prize]] laureate [[Virginijus Šikšnys]] is known for his discoveries in [[CRISPR]], namely with respect to CRISPR-[[Cas9]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/10/battle-genome-editing-gets-science-wrong/|author=Sarah Zhang|date=10 April 2015|magazine=Wired|title=The Battle Over Genome Editing Gets Science All Wrong|access-date=17 April 2018|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607095645/https://www.wired.com/2015/10/battle-genome-editing-gets-science-wrong/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Giorgia Guglielmi|date=31 May 2015|journal=Nature|title=Million-dollar Kavli prize recognizes scientist scooped on CRISPR|volume=558|issue=7708|pages=17–18|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-05308-5|pmid=29872189|s2cid=46949947|doi-access=free}}</ref>

<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:LituanicaSAT-2.jpg|thumb|[[LituanicaSAT-2]] in the thermal-vacuum chamber]] -->Lithuania has launched three satellites to space: [[LitSat-1]], [[Lituanica SAT-1]] and [[LituanicaSAT-2]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rutkauskas|first1=Adomas|title=Į kosmosą pakilo trečiasis Lietuvos palydovas|url=https://it.lrytas.lt/laboratorija/2017/06/23/news/i-kosmosa-kyla-treciasis-lietuvos-palydovas-1755953/|website=[[lrytas.lt]]|date=23 June 2017|access-date=23 June 2017|language=lt-LT|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308143523/https://it.lrytas.lt/laboratorija/2017/06/23/news/i-kosmosa-kyla-treciasis-lietuvos-palydovas-1755953/}}</ref> [[Lithuanian Museum of Ethnocosmology]] and [[Molėtai Astronomical Observatory]] is located in [[Kulionys]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lithuanian Museum of Ethnocosmology|url=http://www.etnokosmomuziejus.lt/en/|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515194253/https://etnokosmomuziejus.lt/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> Fifteen R&D institutions are members of [[Lithuanian Space Association]]; Lithuania is a cooperating state with [[European Space Agency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=First Baltic Space Activities Roundtable|url=https://www.eas.ee/images/doc/ettevotjale/innovatsioon/kosmos/roundtable1/baltic_roundtable_vidmantas_tomkus.pdf|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174553/https://www.eas.ee/images/doc/ettevotjale/innovatsioon/kosmos/roundtable1/baltic_roundtable_vidmantas_tomkus.pdf|archive-date=11 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lithuania becomes eighth ESA Cooperating State|url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Lithuania_becomes_eighth_ESA_European_Cooperating_State|website=Esa.int|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-date=16 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016155321/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Lithuania_becomes_eighth_ESA_European_Cooperating_State|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rimantas Stankevičius]] is the only ethnically Lithuanian [[astronaut]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Vienintelis Lietuvos kosmonautas R.Stankevičius tėvynės neiškeitė į vietą raketoje|url=https://www.delfi.lt/video/mokslas-ir-gamta/vienintelis-lietuvos-kosmonautas-rstankevicius-tevynes-neiskeite-i-vieta-raketoje.d?id=62705647#o8TgpziG|website=DELFI|access-date=12 April 2011|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526064612/https://www.delfi.lt/video/mokslas-ir-gamta/vienintelis-lietuvos-kosmonautas-rstankevicius-tevynes-neiskeite-i-vieta-raketoje.d?id=62705647#o8TgpziG|url-status=live}}</ref>

Lithuania in 2018 became an Associated Member State of [[CERN]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lithuania becomes Associate Member State of CERN|url=https://home.cern/about/updates/2018/01/lithuania-becomes-associate-member-state-cern|website=home.cern|access-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314173513/https://home.cern/about/updates/2018/01/lithuania-becomes-associate-member-state-cern|archive-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> Two CERN incubators in Vilnius and Kaunas will be hosted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Davos: Final decision on CERN business incubation centers in Lithuania |url=https://mission-geneva.mfa.lt/mission-geneva/en/news/davos-final-decision-on-cern-business-incubation-centers-in-lithuania |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417192724/https://mission-geneva.mfa.lt/mission-geneva/en/news/davos-final-decision-on-cern-business-incubation-centers-in-lithuania}}</ref> The most advanced scientific research is being conducted at the Life Sciences Center,<ref>{{cite web|title=Life Sciences Center. Lithuania|url=http://www.gmc.vu.lt/en/|website=Gmc.vu.lt|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526002551/https://www.gmc.vu.lt/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> Center For Physical Sciences and Technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Center For Physical Sciences and Technology. Lithuania|url=https://www.ftmc.lt/en|website=Ftmc.lt|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417181226/https://www.ftmc.lt/en|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2016 calculations, yearly growth of Lithuania's biotech and life science sector was 22% over the past 5 years. 16 academic institutions, 15 R&D centres (science parks and innovation valleys) and more than 370 manufacturers operate in the Lithuanian life science and biotech industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/export/sites/trade/files/market_studies/Life%20science%20and%20biotech%20industry_Lituania_2016.pdf|website=Flandersinvestmentandtrade.com|title=The life science industry in Lithuania|page=2|access-date=31 March 2018|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308083504/https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/export/sites/trade/files/market_studies/Life%20science%20and%20biotech%20industry_Lituania_2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2008 the Valley development programme was started aiming to upgrade Lithuanian scientific research infrastructure and encourage business and science cooperation. Five R&D Valleys were launched – Jūrinis (maritime technologies), Nemunas (agro, bioenergy, forestry), Saulėtekis (laser and light, semiconductor), Santara (biotechnology, medicine), Santaka (sustainable chemistry and pharmacy).<ref>{{cite web |title=R&D in Lithuania |url=https://investlithuania.com/why-lithuania/innovation/ |website=investlithuania.com |access-date=6 October 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608011138/https://investlithuania.com/why-lithuania/innovation/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Lithuanian Innovation Center is created to provide support for innovations and research institutions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lithuanian Innovation Center|url=http://lic.lt/en/|website=lic.lt|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922202528/https://lic.lt/en/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Lithuania ranks moderately in the [[International Innovation Index]],<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.lmt.lt/data/public/uploads/2016/09/ekonomikos-moksliniu-tyrimu-programos-rekomendacijos.pdf |title=Lietuvos ekonomikos ilgalaikio konkurencingumo iššūkiai |date=2015 |publisher=Lietuvos mokslo taryba |page=18 |access-date=10 January 2018 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228012636/https://www.lmt.lt/data/public/uploads/2016/09/ekonomikos-moksliniu-tyrimu-programos-rekomendacijos.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> and is placed 15th among EU countries by the [[European Innovation Scoreboard]].<ref>{{cite web |title=European Innovation Scoreboard |url=http://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/innovation/facts-figures/scoreboards_lt |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=ec.europa.eu |date=5 July 2016 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406041555/https://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/innovation/facts-figures/scoreboards_lt |url-status=live}}</ref> Lithuania was ranked 35th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2024 |title=Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=6 October 2024 |page=18 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.50062 |isbn=978-92-805-3681-2}}</ref>