Editing List of English monarchs (section)

==House of Tudor (1485–1603)==
{{Main|House of Tudor|Tudor period}}
The Tudors descended in the female line from [[John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset|John Beaufort]], one of the illegitimate children of [[John of Gaunt]] (third surviving son of Edward III), by Gaunt's long-term mistress [[Katherine Swynford]]. Those descended from English monarchs only through an illegitimate child would normally have no claim on the throne, but the situation was complicated when Gaunt and Swynford eventually married in 1396 (25 years after John Beaufort's birth). In view of the marriage, the church retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate via a [[papal bull]] the same year.<ref name="Jones">Michael K. Jones and Malcolm G. Underwood, ''The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby'', (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 19–20.</ref> Parliament did the same in an Act in 1397.<ref>Chris Skidmore, ''The Rise of the Tudors: The Family That Changed English History'', (St.Martin's Press, 2013), 22.</ref> A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunt's legitimate son, [[Henry IV of England|King Henry IV]], also recognised the Beauforts' legitimacy, but declared them ineligible ever to inherit the throne.<ref>{{Cite DNBSupp |last=Pollard |first=Albert Frederick |wstitle=Beaufort, John (1373?-1410) |volume=1 |pages=158}}</ref> Nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt's other descendants, the Royal [[House of Lancaster]].

John Beaufort's granddaughter [[Lady Margaret Beaufort]] was married to [[Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond|Edmund Tudor]]. Tudor was the son of Welsh courtier Owain Tudur (anglicised to [[Owen Tudor]]) and [[Catherine of Valois]], the widow of the Lancastrian [[Henry V of England|King Henry V]]. Edmund Tudor and his siblings were either illegitimate, or the product of a secret marriage, and owed their fortunes to the goodwill of their legitimate half-brother [[Henry VI of England|King Henry VI]]. When the House of Lancaster fell from power, the Tudors followed.

By the late 15th century, the Tudors were the last hope for the Lancaster supporters. Edmund Tudor's son became king as [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] after defeating Richard III at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]] in 1485, winning the Wars of the Roses. King Henry VII married [[Elizabeth of York]], daughter of Edward IV, thereby uniting the Lancastrian and York lineages. (See [[House of Tudor#Royal lineage|family tree]].)

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}

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| '''[[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=Henry VII (r. 1485–1509) |url=https://www.royal.uk/henry-vii-r-1485-1509 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020233/https://www.royal.uk/henry-vii-r-1485-1509 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>22 August 1485{{Efn-lr|Henry VII was crowned on 30 October 1485.}}<br/>–<br/>21 April 1509<br/>''({{Age in years and days|22 August 1485|21 April 1509|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Enrique VII de Inglaterra, por un artista anónimo.jpg|100px|Henry VII, by Michel Sittow, 1505]]
| rowspan=3 | [[File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 28 January 1457<br/>[[Pembroke Castle]]<hr/>Son of [[Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond|Edmund Tudor]]<br/>and [[Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby|Margaret Beaufort]]
| [[Elizabeth of York]]<br/>[[Westminster Abbey]]<br/>18 January 1486<br/>8 children
| 21 April 1509<br/>[[Richmond Palace]]<br/>Aged 52
| Great-great-great-grandson of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]]<hr/>[[Right of conquest]]<hr/>Marriage to [[Elizabeth of York]]

|-
| '''[[Henry VIII]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=Henry VIII (r.1509–1547) |url=https://www.royal.uk/henry-viii-r1509-1547 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015507/https://www.royal.uk/henry-viii-r1509-1547 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}; {{Harvnb|Fryde|1996|page=42}}.</ref><br/>22 April 1509{{Efn-lr|Henry VIII was [[Coronation of Henry VIII and Catherine|crowned on 24 June 1509]] with [[Catherine of Aragon|Queen Catherine]].}}<br/>–<br/>28 January 1547<br/>''({{Age in years and days|22 April 1509|28 January 1547|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:After Hans Holbein the Younger - Portrait of Henry VIII - Google Art Project.jpg|100px|Henry VIII, by Hans Holbein, {{circa|1536}}]]
| 28 June 1491<br/>[[Palace of Placentia|Greenwich Palace]]<hr/>Son of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]<br/>and [[Elizabeth of York]]
| {{Gray|(1)}} [[Catherine of Aragon]]<br/>Church of the Observant Friars, [[Greenwich]]<br/>11 June 1509<br/>[[Mary I of England|1 daughter]]<hr/>{{Gray|(2)}} [[Anne Boleyn]]<br/>[[Palace of Westminster|Westminster Palace]]<br/>25 January 1533{{Efn|[[Edward Hall]] and [[Raphael Holinshed]] both record an earlier secret wedding between Henry and Anne, which was conducted in [[Dover]] on 15 November 1532.}}<br/>[[Elizabeth I|1 daughter]]<hr/>{{Gray|(3)}} [[Jane Seymour]]<br/>[[Palace of Whitehall|Whitehall Palace]]<br/>30 May 1536<br/>[[Edward VI|1 son]]<hr/>[[Wives of Henry VIII|''3 further marriages'']]<br/>''No more children''
| 28 January 1547<br/>[[Palace of Whitehall|Whitehall Palace]]<br/>Aged 55
| Son of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]<hr/>[[Primogeniture]]

|-
| '''[[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=Edward VI (r.1547–1553) |url=https://www.royal.uk/edward-vi-r1547-1553 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015802/https://www.royal.uk/edward-vi-r1547-1553 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>28 January 1547{{Efn-lr|Edward VI was [[Coronation of Edward VI|crowned on 20 February 1547]].}}<br/>–<br/>6 July 1553<br/>''({{Age in years and days|28 January 1547|6 July 1553|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Circle of William Scrots Edward VI of England.jpg|100px|Edward VI, by Hans Eworth]]
| 12 October 1537<br/>[[Hampton Court Palace]]<hr/>Son of [[Henry VIII]]<br/>and [[Jane Seymour]]
| Unmarried
| 6 July 1553<br/>[[Palace of Placentia|Greenwich Palace]]<br/>Aged 15
| Son of [[Henry VIII]]<hr/>Primogeniture

|}

===Disputed claimant===

Edward VI named '''[[Lady Jane Grey]]''' as his heir in his will, overruling the order of succession laid down by Parliament in the [[Third Succession Act]]. Four days after his death on 6 July 1553, Jane was proclaimed queen—the first of three Tudor women to be proclaimed queen regnant. Nine days after the proclamation, on 19 July, the [[Privy Council]] switched allegiance and proclaimed Edward VI's Catholic half-sister [[Mary I of England|Mary]] queen. Jane was later executed for treason.

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''''[[Lady Jane Grey|Jane]]'''''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lady Jane Grey: Marriage |url=http://www.britannia.com/history/ladyjane/marriage.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016200449/http://britannia.com/history/ladyjane/marriage.html |archive-date=16 October 2007 |access-date=25 October 2007 |website=britannia.com}}; {{Cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=Lady Jane Grey (r. 10–19 July 1553) |url=https://www.royal.uk/lady-jane-grey-r-10-19-july-1553 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020212/https://www.royal.uk/lady-jane-grey-r-10-19-july-1553 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>'''''Lady Jane Grey'''''<br/>10 July 1553<br/>–<br/>19 July 1553<br/>''({{Age in years and days|10 July 1553|19 July 1553}})''
| [[File:Streathamladyjayne.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of Grey Family.svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 1536 or 1537<br/>[[Bradgate Park]]<hr/>Daughter of the [[Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk|1st Duke of Suffolk]]<br/>and [[Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk|Frances Brandon]]
| [[Lord Guildford Dudley|Guildford Dudley]]<br/>[[Durham House, London|Durham House]]<br/>21 May 1553<br/>No children
| 12 February 1554<br/>[[Tower Green]]<br/>Executed aged about 17
| Great-granddaughter of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]<hr/>[[Devise for the Succession]]

|}

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim}}

|-
| '''[[Mary I of England|Mary I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=Mary I (r.1553–1558) |url=https://www.royal.uk/mary-i-r1553-1558 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020206/https://www.royal.uk/mary-i-r1553-1558 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>19 July 1553{{Efn-lr|Mary I was [[Coronation of Mary I of England|crowned on 1 October 1553]].}}<br/>–<br/>17 November 1558<br/>''({{Age in years and days|19 July 1553|17 November 1558|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Anthonis Mor 001.jpg|100px|Mary I, by Antonius Mor, 1554]]
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Royal Arms of England (1554-1558).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 18 February 1516<br/>[[Palace of Placentia|Greenwich Palace]]<hr/>Daughter of [[Henry VIII]]<br/>and [[Catherine of Aragon]]
| [[Philip II of Spain]]<br/>[[Winchester Cathedral]]<br/>25 July 1554<br/>No children
| 17 November 1558<br/>[[St James's Palace]]<br/>Aged 42
| Daughter of [[Henry VIII]]<hr/>[[Third Succession Act]]

|-
| ''([[Jure uxoris]])''<br/>'''[[Philip II of Spain|Philip]]'''<ref name=Montrose/><br/>25 July 1554{{Efn|Philip was not meant to be a mere consort; rather, the status of Mary I's husband was envisioned as that of a co-monarch during her reign. {{Crossreference|(See [[Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain]].)}} However the extent of his authority and his status are ambiguous. The Act says that Philip shall have the title of king and "shall aid her Highness{{Spaces}}... in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions", but elsewhere says that Mary shall be the sole Queen.}}<br/>–<br/>17 November 1558<br/>''({{Age in years and days|25 July 1554|17 November 1558|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Portrait of King Philip II of Spain (1527–1598), by Antonis Mor (Bilbao Fine Arts Museum).jpg|100px|King Philip of England]]
| 21 May 1527<br/>[[Palacio de Pimentel]]<hr/>Son of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire]]<br/>and [[Isabella of Portugal]]
| [[Mary I of England]]<br/>Winchester Cathedral<br/>25 July 1554<br/>No children<hr/>''3 other marriages<br/>7 children''
| 13 September 1598<br/>[[El Escorial]]<br/>Aged 71
| Husband of [[Mary I of England|Mary I]]<hr/>[[Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain]]

|- 
| colspan=99 align=left |

Under the terms of the marriage treaty between '''[[Philip II of Spain|Philip I of Naples]]''' (later Philip II of Spain from 15 January 1556) and Queen Mary I, Philip was to enjoy Mary's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including [[Act of Parliament|Acts of Parliament]], were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. An Act of Parliament gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness&nbsp;... in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain (1554) |url=http://rbsche.people.wm.edu/H111_doc_marriageofqueenmary.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720115759/http://rbsche.people.wm.edu/H111_doc_marriageofqueenmary.html |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=14 June 2009 |publisher=Document Discovery Project}}</ref> (although elsewhere the Act stated that Mary was to be "sole queen"). Nonetheless, Philip was to [[Coregency|co-reign]] with his wife.<ref name="Montrose">{{Cite book |last=Montrose |first=Louis Adrian |title=The subject of Elizabeth: authority, gender, and representation |date=2006 |publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref>{{Efn|As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish.<ref name=Montrose/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollard |first=A. F. |title=The History of England{{Snd}}From the Accession of Edward VI to the Death of Elizabeth (1547–1603) |date=2007 |publisher=Read Books}}; {{Cite book |last=Groot |first=Wim de |title=The Seventh Window: The King's Window Donated by Philip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk in Gouda (1557) |date=2005 |publisher=Uitgeverij Verloren}}</ref> Coins were minted showing the heads of both Mary and Philip, and the [[coat of arms of England]] was [[Impalement (heraldry)|impaled]] with Philip's to denote their joint reign.<ref>{{Cite book |title=British heraldry from its origins to c. 1800 |date=1978 |publisher=British Museum Publications Ltd. |editor-last=Marks |editor-first=Richard |editor-last2=Payne |editor-first2=Ann |editor-last3=British Museum |editor-last4=British Library}}; {{Cite book |title=The Numismatist |date=1971 |publisher=[[American Numismatic Association]]}}</ref> Acts were passed in England and in Ireland which made it [[high treason]] to deny Philip's royal authority {{Crossreference|(see [[Treason Act 1554]])}}.<ref name="Edwards">{{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=Robert Dudley |title=Ireland in the age of the Tudors: the destruction of Hiberno-Norman civilisation |date=1977 |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref>}}

|-
| '''[[Elizabeth I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-14 |title=Elizabeth I (r.1558–1603) |url=https://www.royal.uk/elizabeth-i-r1558-1603 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015719/https://www.royal.uk/elizabeth-i-r1558-1603 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=royal.gov.uk}}</ref><br/>17 November 1558{{Efn-lr|Elizabeth I was [[Coronation of Elizabeth I|crowned on 15 January 1559]].}}<br/>–<br/>24 March 1603<br/>''({{Age in years and days|17 November 1558|24 March 1603|duration=yes}})''<br/>{{See also|Elizabethan era}}
| [[File:Elizabeth I in coronation robes.jpg |100px|Elizabeth I, by Darnley]]
| [[File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg|75px<!--Arms-->]]
| 7 September 1533<br/>[[Palace of Placentia|Greenwich Palace]]<hr/>Daughter of [[Henry VIII]]<br/>and [[Anne Boleyn]]
| Unmarried
| 24 March 1603<br/>[[Richmond Palace]]<br/>Aged 69
| Daughter of [[Henry VIII]]<hr/>[[Third Succession Act]]

|}