Editing Languages of Europe (section)

=== Linguistic minorities ===
Historical attitudes towards linguistic diversity are illustrated by two French laws: the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts]] (1539), which said that every document in France should be written in French (neither in Latin nor in Occitan) and the [[Toubon Law|Loi Toubon]] (1994), which aimed to eliminate anglicisms from official documents. States and populations within a state have often resorted to war to settle their differences. There have been attempts to prevent such hostilities: two such initiatives were promoted by the [[Council of Europe]], founded in 1949, which affirms the right of minority language speakers to use their language fully and freely.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Strasbourg, 5.XI.1992|url=http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/148.htm|publisher=Council of Europe|year=1992|access-date=4 November 2009|archive-date=26 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226052008/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/HTML/148.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Council of Europe is committed to protecting linguistic diversity. Currently all European countries except [[France]], [[Andorra]] and [[Turkey]] have signed the [[Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities]], while [[Greece]], [[Iceland]] and [[Luxembourg]] have signed it, but have not ratified it; this framework entered into force in 1998. Another European treaty, the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]], was adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the [[Council of Europe]]: it entered into force in 1998, and while it is legally binding for 24 countries, [[France]], [[Iceland]], [[Italy]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Moldova]] and [[Russia]] have chosen to sign without ratifying the convention.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Protsyk |first1=Oleh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMFE-OYR3dkC&dq=%22European+Charter+for+Regional+or+Minority%22+%221998%22+%22russia%22&pg=PA42 |title=Managing Ethnic Diversity in Russia |last2=Harzl |first2=Benedikt |date=2013-05-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-26774-1 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=Council of Europe: Parliamentary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKonXLgCTLQC&dq=%22European+Charter+for+Regional+or+Minority%22+%221998%22+%22moldova%22&pg=PA235 |title=Documents: working papers, 2006 ordinary session (first part), 23 -27 January 2006, Vol. 1: Documents 10711, 10712, 10715-10769 |date=2006-11-08 |publisher=Council of Europe |isbn=978-92-871-5932-8 |pages=235 |language=en}}</ref>