Editing Juris Doctor (section)

====Italy====
In [[Italy]], only one program gives access to traditional legal professions such as lawyer, magistrate or public notary, and that is the ''Laurea Magistrale in Giurisprudenza''.<ref name="Degree Programmes - School of Law">{{cite web
 |title=Degree Programmes
 |department=School of Law
 |publisher=[[University of Bologna]]
 |website=www.law.unibo.it
 |language=en
 |url=http://www.law.unibo.it/en/programmes/degree-programmes
 |access-date=14 September 2018
 |archive-date=15 September 2018
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915002057/http://www.law.unibo.it/en/programmes/degree-programmes
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref> Legal studies have a long history in Italy, with the [[University of Bologna]] being the main Italian center for studies of both [[canon law]] and [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] in the 12th and 13th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=University of Bologna {{!}} History & Development {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/University-of-Bologna |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

The ''laurea magistrale in giurisprudenza'' is a five-year academic program, deemed a master's-level degree under the [[Bologna Process|Bologna process]],<ref>{{cite web
 |title=MIUR – Università
 |website=www.miur.it
 |url=http://www.miur.it/0006Menu_C/0012Docume/0098Normat/4640Modifi_cf2.htm
 |access-date=14 September 2018
 |archive-date=13 May 2021
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513191934/https://www.miur.it/0006Menu_C/0012Docume/0098Normat/4640Modifi_cf2.htm
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref> that can be entered into with a [[high school diploma]]. The program comprises universities classes in legal theory and legal subjects, excluding practical courses, and is concluded with a thesis ({{langx|it|tesi di laurea}}) to be defended before an academic commission.<ref name="Degree Programmes - School of Law" /> In a novel approach, a few universities are trialing a 3+2 model, which initially offers a bachelor's degree in law, followed by the option to undertake an additional two years to earn the Italian Juris Doctor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russo |first=Maria |date=2010-11-24 |title=Laurea in Giurisprudenza |url=https://www.universita.it/laurea-giurisprudenza/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Universita.it |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-22 |title=Trento, nuova laurea per giuristi cosmopoliti - Cronaca |url=https://www.ladige.it/cronaca/2017/07/22/trento-nuova-laurea-per-giuristi-cosmopoliti-1.2636936 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=l'Adige |language=it}}</ref>

Italian graduates in law are awarded the title of Doctor of Law ({{langx|it|Dottore Magistrale in Giurisprudenza}}, commonly known as ''Dottore in legge''), in keeping with standard Italian practice of awarding the title of [[doctor (title)|doctor]] to university graduates.

Holders of the ''Laurea Magistrale in Giurisprudenza'' are eligible to register with an Italian bar association, which is a prerequisite for the mandatory eighteen-month apprenticeship under a practicing attorney-at-law before taking the bar examination.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=Riforma dell'ordinamento professionale forense
 |date=January 2013
 |website=Consiglio Nazionale Forense
 |place=Italy
 |language=it
 |id=L.&nbsp;247/2012
 |url=http://www.consiglionazionaleforense.it/documents/20182/281186/2013-01+IV-03+LEGGE+247-2012+RIFORMA+ORDINAMENTO+PROFESSIONALE+FORENSE.pdf/36dc1607-fd5d-4368-83b0-b7358ff0aea5?version=1.0
 |access-date=14 September 2018
 |archive-date=15 September 2018
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915042344/http://www.consiglionazionaleforense.it/documents/20182/281186/2013-01+IV-03+LEGGE+247-2012+RIFORMA+ORDINAMENTO+PROFESSIONALE+FORENSE.pdf/36dc1607-fd5d-4368-83b0-b7358ff0aea5?version=1.0
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref> Alternatively, graduates may opt for two additional years of study at the ''Scuole di Specializzazione per le Professioni Legali'' (Specialization Schools for the Legal Profession), leading to a ''Diploma di Specializzazione per le Professioni Legali'' (Specialization Diploma for the Legal Profession), akin to a master's degree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto Legislativo 5 aprile 2006, n. 160 |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:2006-04-05;160!vig= |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=normattiva.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Legge 30 luglio 2007, n. 111 |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2007-07-30;111!vig= |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=normattiva.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-22 |title=Trento, nuova laurea per giuristi cosmopoliti - Cronaca |url=https://www.ladige.it/cronaca/2017/07/22/trento-nuova-laurea-per-giuristi-cosmopoliti-1.2636936 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523204732/https://www.ladige.it/cronaca/2017/07/22/trento-nuova-laurea-per-giuristi-cosmopoliti-1.2636936 |archive-date=2023-05-23 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=l'Adige |language=it}}</ref> Possession of the ''Laurea Magistrale in Giurisprudenza'' also qualifies individuals to partake in the competitive public examination, administered by the Ministry of Justice, for entry into the [[Judiciary of Italy#Ordinary magistracy|ordinary magistracy]].<ref>{{cite web |date=16 June 2022 |title=Nuovo Accesso Diretto Al Concorso In Magistratura Con La Sola Laurea – Riforma Cartabia 2022 – Art 4 Legge 17 Giugno 2022, N. 71, n. 98 |url=https://www.fglaw.it/concorso_magistratura_nuovo_accesso_semplificato_direttamente_con_la_laurea_riforma_2022.html |access-date=20 April 2023 |language=it}}</ref>