Editing John Locke (section)

=== Religion ===
====Religious beliefs====
Some scholars have seen Locke's political convictions as being based from his religious beliefs.<ref>{{Citation |first=Greg |last=Forster |title=John Locke's politics of moral consensus |year=2005}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |first=Kim Ian |last=Parker |title=The Biblical Politics of John Locke |year=2004 |publisher=Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion|title-link=The Biblical Politics of John Locke }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |first=John |last=Locke |title=Writings on religion |editor-first=Victor |editor-last=Nuovo |place=Oxford |year=2002}}.</ref> Locke's religious trajectory began in [[Calvinist]] [[trinitarianism]], but by the time of the ''Reflections'' (1695) Locke was advocating not just [[Socinianism|Socinian views]] on tolerance but also Socinian [[Christology]].<ref name="Marshall 1994 426">{{Citation |first=John |last=Marshall |title=John Locke: resistance, religion and responsibility |place=Cambridge |year=1994 |page=426}}.</ref> However Wainwright (1987) notes that in the posthumously published ''Paraphrase'' (1707) Locke's interpretation of one verse, [[Ephesians 1]]:10, is markedly different from that of Socinians like [[John Biddle (Unitarian)|Biddle]], and may indicate that near the end of his life Locke returned nearer to an [[Arianism|Arian]] position, thereby accepting Christ's pre-existence.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Clarendon Edition of the Works of John Locke: A Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistle of St. Paul to the Galatians, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Romans, Ephesians|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1987|isbn=978-0-19-824806-4|editor-last=Wainwright|editor-first=Arthur W.|location=Oxford|page=806}}</ref><ref name="Marshall 1994 426" />
Locke was at times not sure about the subject of [[original sin]], so he was accused of Socinianism, Arianism, or [[Deism]].{{Sfn | Waldron | 2002 | pp = 27, 223}} Locke argued that the idea that "all ''[[Adam]]'''s Posterity [are] doomed to Eternal Infinite Punishment, for the Transgression of ''Adam''" was "little consistent with the Justice or Goodness of the Great and Infinite God", leading [[Eric Nelson (historian)|Eric Nelson]] to associate him with [[Pelagianism|Pelagian]] ideas.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=7–8}} However, he did not deny the reality of evil. Man was capable of waging unjust wars and committing crimes. Criminals had to be punished, even with the death penalty.{{Sfn | Waldron | 2002 | p = 145}}

With regard to the Bible, Locke was very conservative. He retained the doctrine of the [[verbal inspiration]] of the Scriptures.{{Sfn | Heussi | 1956}} The miracles were proof of the divine nature of the biblical message. Locke was convinced that the entire content of the Bible was in agreement with human reason (''The Reasonableness of Christianity'', 1695).<ref>{{Citation |first=D |last=Henrich |contribution=Locke, John |title=Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart |year=1960 |language=de}}, 3. Auflage, Band IV, Spalte 426</ref>{{Sfn | Heussi | 1956}} Although Locke was an advocate of tolerance, he urged the authorities not to tolerate [[atheism]], because he thought the denial of God's existence would undermine the social order and lead to chaos.{{Sfn | Waldron | 2002 | pp = 217 ff}} That excluded all atheistic varieties of philosophy and all attempts to deduce ethics and natural law from purely secular premises.{{Sfn | Waldron | 2002 | p = 13}} In Locke's opinion the [[cosmological argument]] was valid and proved God's existence. His political thought was based on Protestant Christian views.{{Sfn | Waldron | 2002 | p = 13}}<ref>{{Citation |quote=[The ''Two Treatises of Government'' are] saturated with Christian assumptions. |first=John |last=Dunn |year=1969 |title=The Political Thought of John Locke: A Historical Account of the Argument of the 'Two Treatises of Government' |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge, UK |page=99}}.</ref> Additionally, Locke advocated a sense of piety out of gratitude to God for giving reason to men.<ref>[[Nicholas Wolterstorff|Wolterstorff, Nicholas]]. 1994. "[https://place.asburyseminary.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1504&context=faithandphilosophy John Locke's Epistemological Piety: Reason Is The Candle Of The Lord] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522093235/https://place.asburyseminary.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1504&context=faithandphilosophy |date=22 May 2020 }}." ''[[Faith and Philosophy]]'' 11(4):572–591.</ref>

==== Philosophy from religion ====
Locke's concept of man started with the belief in creation.{{Sfn | Waldron | 2002 | p= 142}} Like philosophers [[Hugo Grotius]] and [[Samuel Pufendorf]], Locke equated [[natural law]] with the biblical [[revelation]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Elze|first=M|title=Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart|year=1958|contribution=Grotius, Hugo|language=de}} 2(3):1885–1886.</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Hohlwein|first=H|title=Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart|year=1961|contribution=Pufendorf, Samuel Freiherr von|language=de}}, 5(3):721.</ref>{{Sfn | Waldron | 2002 | p = 12}} Locke derived the fundamental concepts of his political theory from biblical texts, in particular from [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 1 and 2 ([[Genesis creation narrative|creation]]), the [[Ten Commandments|Decalogue]], the [[Golden Rule]], the teachings of Jesus, and the letters of [[Paul the Apostle]].{{Sfn | Waldron | 2002 | pp = 22–43, 45–46, 101, 153–158, 195, 197}} [[Ten Commandments|The Decalogue]] puts a person's life, reputation and property under God's protection. Locke's philosophy on freedom is also derived from the Bible. Locke derived from the Bible basic human equality (including [[equality of the sexes]]), the starting point of the theological doctrine of [[Imago Dei]].{{Sfn|Waldron|2002|pp=21–43}} To Locke, one of the consequences of the principle of equality was that all humans were created equally free and therefore governments needed the consent of the governed.{{Sfn|Waldron|2002|p=136}} Locke compared the English monarchy's rule over the British people to Adam's rule over Eve in Genesis, which was appointed by God.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Two Treatises of Government|last=Locke|first=John|publisher=Hafner Publishing Company|year=1947|location=New York|pages=17–18, 35, 38}}</ref> Following Locke's philosophy, the American [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] founded human rights partially on the biblical belief in creation. Locke's doctrine that governments need the consent of the governed is also central to the Declaration of Independence.<ref>[[Carl L. Becker|Becker, Carl]]. ''The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas''. 1970 [1922]. [https://archive.org/details/declarationinde00beckgoog Google Book Search]. Revised ed., New York: Vintage Books. {{ISBN|978-0-394-70060-1}}.</ref>