Editing Japanese grammar (section)

====Transitive and intransitive verbs====
Japanese has a large variety of related pairs of [[transitive verb]]s (that take a direct object) and [[intransitive verb]]s (that do not usually take a direct object), such as the transitive {{nihongo3|someone or something begins an activity|始める|hajimeru}}, and the intransitive {{nihongo3|an activity begins|始まる|hajimaru}}.<ref>[http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/jitadoushi.html "What's the difference between hajimeru and hajimaru?"] in ''sci.lang.japan Frequently Asked Questions''</ref><ref>Kim Allen (2000) [http://kimallen.sheepdogdesign.net/Japanese/verbs2.html "Japanese verbs, part 2"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810194203/http://kimallen.sheepdogdesign.net/Japanese/verbs2.html |date=2007-08-10}} in ''Japanese for the Western Brain''</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!transitive verb
!intransitive verb
|-
|
* One thing acts out the transitive verb on another
* Usually uses {{nihongo||を|o}} to link to the direct object
|
* The intransitive verb passively happens without direct intervention.
* Usually uses {{nihongo||が|ga}} or {{nihongo||は|wa}} to link subject and verb.
|-
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ja|先生 が 授業 を 始める。|Sensei ga jugyō o hajimeru.|The teacher starts the class.}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ja|授業 が 始まる。|Jugyō ga hajimaru.|The class starts.}}
|-
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ja|車 に 何 か を 入れる|Kuruma ni nani ka o ireru|To put something in the car}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=ja|車 に 入る|Kuruma ni hairu|To enter the car}}
|-
|{{nihongo3|'to take/put out'|出す|dasu}}
|{{nihongo3|'to exit'|出る|deru}}
|-
|{{nihongo3|'to extinguish'|消す|kesu}}
|{{nihongo3|'to go out'|消える|kieru}}
|-
|{{nihongo3|'to open [something]'|開ける|akeru}}
|{{nihongo3|'to open'/'to be open'|開く|aku}}
|-
|{{nihongo3|'to attach [something]'|付ける|tsukeru}}
|{{nihongo3|'to attach'/'to be attached'|付く|tsuku}}
|-
|{{nihongo3|'to close [something]'|閉める|shimeru}}
|{{nihongo3|'to close'/'to be closed'|閉まる|shimaru}}
|-
|{{nihongo3|'to find'|見つける|mitsukeru}}
|{{nihongo3|'to be found'|見つかる|mitsukaru}}
|-
|{{nihongo3|'to extract'|抜く|nuku}}
|{{nihongo3|'to come out'|抜ける|nukeru}}
|-
|{{nihongo3|'to wake [someone] up'|起こす|okosu}}
|{{nihongo3|'to wake up'|起きる|okiru}}
|-
|{{nihongo3|'to give birth'|生む|umu}}
|{{nihongo3|'to be born'|生まれる|umareru}}
|}

Note: Some intransitive verbs (usually verbs of motion) take what looks like a direct object, but is not.<ref>{{cite journal |last=早津 |first=恵美子 |date=1 December 1987 |editor1=壇辻正剛 |editor2=楢崎勝則 |title=Taiō suru tadōshi no aru jidōshi no imiteki tōgoteki tokuchō |script-title=ja:対応する他動詞のある自動詞の 意味的・統語的特徴 |trans-title=Semantic and syntactic characteristics of intransitive verbs that have corresponding transitive verbs |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/87929/1/gen00006_079.pdf |department=論文 |journal=Gengogaku kenkyū |script-journal=ja:言語学研究 |trans-journal=Linguistic Research<!--this translation is the official english name of the journal--> |language=ja |volume=6 |publisher=京都大学言語学研究会 (Kyōto daigaku gengogaku kenkyūkai) [Kyoto University Linguistics Circle<!--this translation is the official english name of the publisher-->] |pages=79-109 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529161801/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/87929/1/gen00006_079.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=18 May 2025 |hdl=2433/87929 |hdl-access=free |issn=0915-6178 |id={{NAID|120001712186}}}}</ref> For example, {{nihongo3|to leave|離れる|hanareru}}:

{{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=3
|私 は 東京 を 離れる。
|Watashi wa Tōkyō o hanareru.
|I leave Tokyo.}}

{{anchor|Adjectives|adjectives}}