Editing James Joyce (section)

====Writing ''Finnegans Wake''====
In 1923, Joyce began his next work, an [[experimental novel]] that eventually became ''[[Finnegans Wake]]''.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/318 318]|Davies|1982|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/307 307]}}{{efn|In March 1923, Joyce wrote "Yesterday I wrote two pages—the first I have since the final ''Yes'' of ''Ulysses''. Having found a pen, with some difficulty I copied them out in a large handwriting on a double sheet of [[wikt:foolscap|foolscap]] so that I could read them. ''Il lupo perde il pelo ma non il vizio'', the Italians say. 'The wolf may lose his skin but not his vice' or 'the leopard cannot change his spots."{{sfn|Joyce|1957|p=[https://archive.org/details/letters00joyc/page/202 202]|ps=: Letter to Harriet Shaw Weaver, March 1923}}}} It would take sixteen years to complete.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/322 322]|Ellmann|1982|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/552 522]}} At first, Joyce called it ''Work in Progress'', which was the name [[Ford Madox Ford]] used in April 1924 when he published its "Mamalujo" episode in his magazine, ''[[The Transatlantic Review]]''. In 1926, [[Eugene Jolas|Eugene]] and [[Maria Jolas|Maria]] Jolas serialised the novel in their magazine, ''[[transition (literary journal)|transition]]''. When parts of the novel first came out, some of Joyce's supporters—like Stanislaus, Pound, and Weaver—{{sfnm|Joyce|1966b|1p=[https://archive.org/details/letterofjamesjoy03joyc/page/102 102]|1ps=: Letter from Stanislaus Joyce, 7 August 1924|Pound|1967|2p=[https://archive.org/details/poundjoyceletter00poun_0/page/228 228]|2ps=: Letter to James Joyce, 15 November 1926|Ellmann|1982|3p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/590 590]|3ps=: Letter from Weaver, 4 February 1927}} wrote negatively about it,{{sfnm|Beja|1992|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/92 92]|Bulson|2006|2p=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeintrodu0000buls/page/94 94]}} and it was criticised by writers like [[Seán Ó Faoláin]], [[Wyndham Lewis]], and [[Rebecca West]].{{sfn|Ellmann|1982|p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/613 613]}} In response, Joyce and the Jolases organised the publication of a collection of positive essays titled ''[[Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress]]'', which included writings by [[Samuel Beckett]] and [[William Carlos Williams]].{{sfnm|Ellmann|1982|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/613 613]|Henke|1991|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/613 613–615]}} An additional purpose of publishing these essays was to market ''Work in Progress'' to a larger audience.{{sfn|Dilks|2004|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25478104?&seq=2 720]}} Joyce publicly revealed the novel's title as ''Finnegans Wake'' in 1939,{{sfn|Weisenfarth|1991|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23539891?seq=6 100]}} the same year he completed it. It was published in London by [[Faber and Faber]]{{sfn|Beja|1992|p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/121 121]}} with the assistance of T. S. Eliot.{{sfn|Loukopoulou|2011|pp= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598885?seq=17 699–700]}}{{efn|Joyce met [[T. S. Eliot]] in Paris in 1923. Eliot became a strong advocate of Joyce's work, arranging publication of parts of ''Work in Progress'', the first complete edition of ''Finnegans Wake'' with [[Faber and Faber]] and editing the first anthology of Joyce's work the year after his death.{{sfnm|Dalton|1968|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486740 79]|Nadel|1990|2pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25485058?seq=4 512–513]|ps=; Also see Joyce's note mentioned in {{harvnb|Fahy|1993|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26283682?&seq=6 8]}} regarding the publication date of ''Finnegans Wake''}}}}

Joyce's health problems afflicted him throughout his Paris years. He had over a dozen eye operations,{{sfnm|Beja|1992|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/78 78]|Bowker|2012|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/400 400]|Davies|1982|3p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/334 334]|Ellmann|1982|4p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/622 622]}} but his vision severely declined.{{sfn|Gibson|2006|pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/151 151–152]}} By 1930, he was practically blind in the left eye and his right eye functioned poorly.{{sfn|Birmingham|2014|p= [https://archive.org/details/mostdangerousboo0000birm_n8r5/page/256 256]}} He had all of his teeth removed because of infection.{{sfnm|Beja|1992|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/78 78]|Bowker|2012|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/320 320]}} At one point, Joyce became worried that he could not finish ''Finnegans Wake'', asking the Irish author [[James Stephens (author)|James Stephens]] to complete it if he became unable.{{sfnm|Beja|1992|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/9 93]|Bowker|2012|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/364 364]|Gibson|2006|3p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/149 149]}}

Joyce's financial problems continued. Although he was now earning a good income from his investments and royalties, his spending habits often left him without available money.{{sfnm|Ellmann|1982|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/632 632]|Osteen|1995a|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/economyofulysses0000oste/page/14 14–15]}} Despite these issues, he published ''Pomes Penyeach'' in 1927, a collection of thirteen poems that he wrote in Trieste, Zurich and Paris.{{sfn|Petroski|1974|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3830909?seq=4 1024]}}