Editing Ivy League (section)

==== 19th and early 20th centuries ====
In 1900, [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] oversaw and edited ''The College-bred Negro''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Du Bois |first1=W. E. B. |title=The college-bred negro : a report of a social study made under the direction of Atlanta University in 1900 edited by W.E. Burghardt Du Bois |date=1902 |publisher=Atlanta University Press |url=https://repository.wellesley.edu/object/wellesley30405 |access-date=September 1, 2023 |archive-date=September 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901054008/https://repository.wellesley.edu/object/wellesley30405 |url-status=live }}</ref> a study on Black integration in colleges and universities that found a combined total of 52 Black students had graduated from Ivy League schools in their collective histories. Since no official policies prohibited schools in the Ivy League from admitting students of color each university in the League had different policies regarding the admission of Black students.<ref name="Bradley-2021" /> Dartmouth's first Black student graduated in 1828, while Princeton would only admit their first Black student under the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] in the 1940s.<ref name="Bradley-2021" /><ref name="www.dartmouth.edu">{{Cite web |title=Finding Community: The Life of Edward Mitchell 1828 |url=https://www.dartmouth.edu/library/rauner/exhibits/finding-community.html |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.dartmouth.edu |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207190407/https://www.dartmouth.edu/library/rauner/exhibits/finding-community.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Early Black student admits to Ivy League universities were controversial and often faced backlash. Dartmouth initially denied its first Black graduate, Edward Mitchell, supposedly to avoid "offend[ing] students". Dartmouth students protested this decision, leading to Mitchell's admission in 1824.<ref name="www.dartmouth.edu" /> [[Richard Henry Green]] was awarded an [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] degree by Dartmouth College in 1864.<ref name=":2" />

Harvard admitted its first Black student, Beverly Garnett Williams, in 1847. News of his admission incited protests by Harvard students and faculty.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perfloff-Giles |first=Alexandra |date=2008-04-24 |title=Seminar Studies Slave Ties |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2008/4/24/seminar-studies-slave-ties-span-stylefont-style/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083624/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2008/4/24/seminar-studies-slave-ties-span-stylefont-style/ |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date= |website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref> Williams died before the academic year began, however, and never matriculated.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Newman |first1=Richard |date=2002 |title=Harvard's Forgotten First Black Student |journal=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education |issue=38 |pages=92 |doi=10.2307/3134217 |jstor=3134217 |id={{ProQuest|195532551}}}}</ref> [[Richard Theodore Greener]] was the first African American to receive a Harvard degree in 1870.<ref name="Chicago Sun docs">{{cite web |last=Janssen |first=Kim |date=2012-03-11 |title='It gives me gooseflesh': Remarkable find in South Side attic |url=http://www.suntimes.com/11149243-417/it-gives-me-gooseflesh-remarkable-find-in-s-side-attic.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313232009/http://www.suntimes.com/11149243-417/it-gives-me-gooseflesh-remarkable-find-in-s-side-attic.html |archive-date=2012-03-13 |work=Chicago Sun-Times}}</ref> Between 1890 and 1940, an average of three Black men enrolled at Harvard per year.<ref name="Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University" /> In 1923, Harvard's Board of Overseers overruled University President Abbot Lawrence's ban on Black students living in dorms, announcing that all freshmen would be permitted to live in dorms regardless of race, but upheld that “men of the white and colored races shall not be compelled to live and eat together."<ref name="The Harvard Crimson-3">{{Cite web |title=Compelled to Coexist: A History on the Desegregation of Harvard's Freshman Housing |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/11/4/housing-desegregation/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=The Harvard Crimson |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928084627/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/11/4/housing-desegregation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Brown seems to have refused admission to Black students outright prior to the Civil War. Abolitionist Elizabeth Buffum Chase wrote in her book ''Anti Slavery Reminiscences'' about "a lad of rare excellence and attainments [who] was refused an examination for admission by the authorities of Brown University on account of the color of his skin." Inman Page was the first Black student to graduate from Brown in 1877, and was class speaker.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Slater |first=Robert Bruce |date=1994 |title=The Blacks who First Entered the World of White Higher Education |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2963372 |journal=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education |issue=4 |pages=47–56 |doi=10.2307/2963372 |jstor=2963372 |issn=1077-3711 |access-date=July 3, 2023 |archive-date=July 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703051855/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2963372 |url-status=live }}</ref>

William Adger, James Brister, and [[Nathan Francis Mossell]] were the first Black students enrolled at [[University of Pennsylvania|Penn]] in 1879.<ref name="PT-Adger">{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Heather A. |date=September 21, 2017 |title=For the Record: William Adger |url=https://penntoday.upenn.edu/for-the-record/for-the-record-william-adger |website=Penn Today, University of Pennsylvania |access-date=May 4, 2023 |archive-date=June 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623194522/https://penntoday.upenn.edu/for-the-record/for-the-record-william-adger |url-status=live }}</ref> Brister graduated from the [[University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine|School of Dental Medicine (Penn Dental)]] in 1881 as the first African American to earn a degree from Penn, while Adger was the first African American to graduate from the college in 1883.<ref>{{cite web |title=James Brister |url=https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/biography/james-brister |access-date=February 28, 2021 |website=University Archives and Records Center |publisher=Penn |archive-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228043551/https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/biography/james-brister |url-status=live }}</ref>

Columbia University has claimed that four Black students earned University degrees between 1875 and 1900,<ref name=":1" /> though their names are apparently unknown.

Yale's [[Edward Bouchet]], was the first Black person (a) elected to [[Phi Beta Kappa]] in the US in 1874 and (b) to earn a [[Ph.D.]] from any American university, completing his [[dissertation]] in [[physics]] in 1876.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Branch |first1=Mark Alden |title=Before Green and Bouchet, another African American Yale College grad. Maybe. |url=https://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/blog_posts/1729 |website=Yale Alumni Magazine |access-date=10 November 2023 |date=March 7, 2014 |archive-date=November 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110153537/https://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/blog_posts/1729 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.ams.org/samplings/math-history/hmath3-index|title=A Century of Mathematics in America|date=1988–1989|publisher=American Mathematical Society|last=Donaldson|first=James|location=Providence, R.I.|oclc=18191729|isbn=0-8218-0136-8|pages=453|access-date=September 1, 2023|archive-date=December 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224231131/http://www.ams.org/samplings/math-history/hmath3-index|url-status=live}} accessed September 1, 2023</ref> Bouchet was thought to have been the first African-American graduate of Yale, but research publicized in 2014 reported that Yale awarded a Black man, [[Richard Henry Green]], a bachelor of arts degree in 1857.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=NYT>{{cite web | last = Kaminer | first = Ariel | title = Discovery Leads Yale to Revise a Chapter of Its Black History | newspaper = The New York Times | location = New York, New York | date = February 28, 2014 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/01/nyregion/discovery-leads-yale-to-revise-a-chapter-of-its-black-history.html?hp | access-date = September 1, 2023 | archive-date = September 22, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230922125840/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/01/nyregion/discovery-leads-yale-to-revise-a-chapter-of-its-black-history.html?hp | url-status = live }}</ref>

Cornell seemed the most inclusive of the Ivy Leagues at its inception, with admission open to any race and gender.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Historic Commitment |url=https://diversity.cornell.edu/our-story/our-historic-commitment |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Cornell University Diversity and Inclusion |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201234558/https://diversity.cornell.edu/our-story/our-historic-commitment |url-status=live }}</ref> University co-founder Andrew Dickson White wrote in 1874 that the school had ''"''no colored students...at present but shall be very glad to receive any who are prepared to enter...if even one offered himself and passed the examinations, we should receive him even if all our five hundred white students were to ask for dismissal on that account."<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 5, 1874 |title=Letter from A. D. White to C. H. McCormick regarding African-American students at Cornell |url=https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/presidents/view_image-img=28.php.html |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=rmc.library.cornell.edu |archive-date=July 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703035239/https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/presidents/view_image-img=28.php.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1890, Charles Chauveau Cook and Jane Eleanor Datcher were the first Black students awarded four-year undergraduate Cornell degrees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Black Women at Cornell |url=https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/earlyblackwomen/introduction/ |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=rmc.library.cornell.edu |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209122531/https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/earlyblackwomen/introduction/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite this, Black students faced legal and social segregation in the town of Ithaca, New York. In 1905, Black students reported being denied housing while attending Cornell.<ref name="Bradley-2021" />

Princeton University, sometimes referred to as the "Southern-most Ivy", was the last to integrate. In Du Bois' ''The College-bred Negro'' (1900)'','' a Princeton representative is quoted: "We have never had any colored students here, though there is nothing in the University statutes to prevent their admission. It is possible, however, in view of our proximity to the South and the large number of southern students here, that Negro students would find Princeton less comfortable than some other institutions."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Du Bois |first=William Edward Burghardt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RYiAQAAIAAJ&q=princeton&pg=PA36 |title=The College-bred Negro; Report of Social Study Made Under the Direction of Atlanta University; Together with the Proceedings of the Fifth Conference for the Study of the Negro Problems, Held at Atlanta University, May 29-30, 1900 ... |publisher=Atlanta University Press |year=1900 |location=Atlanta, GA |pages=36 |language=en |access-date=July 10, 2023 |archive-date=July 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715024622/https://books.google.com/books?id=4RYiAQAAIAAJ&q=princeton&pg=PA36 |url-status=live }}</ref> Notably, in 1939, Princeton revoked admittance to Black student Bruce Wright upon his arrival on campus, when Director of Admission Radcliffe Heermance noticed Wright's race.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=April |date=2017-02-08 |title=Integrating Princeton University: Robert Joseph Rivers '53 |url=https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2017/02/integrating-princeton-university/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=Mudd Manuscript Library Blog |language=en-US |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208000703/https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/2017/02/integrating-princeton-university/ |url-status=live }}</ref> When a disappointed Wright wrote Heermance requesting an explanation, Heermance responded:<blockquote>"I cannot conscientiously advise a colored student to apply for admission to Princeton simply because I do not think that he would be happy in this environment. There are no colored students in the University and a member of your race might feel very much alone...My personal experience would enforce my advice to any colored student that he would be happier in an environment of others of his race, and that he would adjust himself far more easily to the life of a New England college or university, or one of the large state universities than he would to a residential college of this particular type."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-04 |title="Princeton University Does Not Discriminate…": African American Exclusion at Princeton |url=https://universityarchives.princeton.edu/2015/02/princeton-university-does-not-discriminate-african-american-exclusion-at-princeton/ |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=University Archives |language=en-US |archive-date=July 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703021359/https://universityarchives.princeton.edu/2015/02/princeton-university-does-not-discriminate-african-american-exclusion-at-princeton/ |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>The few early Black students admitted to Ivy League universities were often from wealthy Caribbean families.<ref name="Bradley-2021" /> Barriers preventing African American students from attending Ivy League universities included the universities' policies, poor recruitment, tuition costs, and the lack of secondary education opportunities in a [[Racial segregation|racially segregated]] country.<ref name="Bradley-2021" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clewell |first1=Beatriz Chu |last2=Anderson |first2=Bernice Taylor |date=1995 |title=African Americans in Higher Education: An Issue of Access |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23263010 |journal=Humboldt Journal of Social Relations |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=55–79 |jstor=23263010 |issn=0160-4341 |access-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207190335/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23263010 |url-status=live }}</ref> More Black students attended Ivy League graduate and professional schools than their undergraduate programs.<ref name="Bradley-2021" /> By the middle of the 20th century, only 54 Black men and women had graduated with a Bachelor degree from Ivy League universities.<ref name="Bradley-2021" />