Editing Intelligence quotient (section)

===Gene-environment interaction===
[[David C. Rowe|David Rowe]] reported an interaction of genetic effects with [[socioeconomic status]], such that the heritability was high in high-SES families, but much lower in low-SES families.<ref name="Rowe">{{cite journal |last1=Rowe |first1=D. C. |last2=Jacobson |first2=K. C. |year=1999 |title=Genetic and environmental influences on vocabulary IQ: parental education level as moderator |journal=Child Development |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=1151–62 |doi=10.1111/1467-8624.00084|pmid=10546338 |s2cid=10959764}}</ref> In the US, this has been replicated in infants,<ref name="Tucker-Drob2011">{{cite journal |last1=Tucker-Drob |first1=E. M. |last2=Rhemtulla |first2=M. |last3= Harden |first3=K. P. |last4=Turkheimer |first4=E. |last5=Fask |first5=D. |year=2011 |title=Emergence of a Gene x Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Infant Mental Ability Between 10 Months and 2 Years |journal=Psychological Science |volume=22 |issue=1| pages=125–33 |doi=10.1177/0956797610392926 |pmid=21169524 |pmc=3532898}}</ref> children,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turkheimer |first1=E. |last2=Haley |first2=A. |last3=Waldron |first3=M. |last4=D'Onofrio |first4=B. |last5=Gottesman |first5=I. I. |year=2003 |title=Socioeconomic status modifies heritability of IQ in young children |journal=Psychological Science |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=623–628 |doi=10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1475.x |pmid=14629696 |s2cid=11265284}}</ref> adolescents,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harden |first1=K. P. |last2=Turkheimer |first2=E. |last3=Loehlin |first3=J. C. |year=2005 |title=Genotype environment interaction in adolescents' cognitive ability |doi=10.1007/s10519-005-7287-9 |journal=Behavior Genetics |volume=35 |issue=6| page=804 |s2cid=189842802}}</ref> and adults.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bates |first1=Timothy C. |last2=Lewis |first2=Gary J. |last3=Weiss |first3=Alexander |date=3 September 2013 |title=Childhood Socioeconomic Status Amplifies Genetic Effects on Adult Intelligence |journal=Psychological Science |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=2111–2116 |doi=10.1177/0956797613488394 |pmid=24002887 |s2cid=1873699 |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/10602446/GxSES_Bates_Lewis_Weiss_2013_Psychological_Science.pdf|hdl=20.500.11820/52797d10-f0d4-49de-83e2-a9cc3493703d |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Outside the US, studies show no link between heritability and SES.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Tucker-Drob |first1=Elliot M. |last2=Bates |first2=Timothy C. |title=Large Cross-National Differences in Gene × Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Intelligence |journal=Psychological Science |date=15 December 2015 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=138–149 |doi=10.1177/0956797615612727 |pmid=26671911 |pmc=4749462}}</ref> Some effects may even reverse sign outside the US.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Hanscombe2012">{{cite journal |last1=Hanscombe |first1=K. B. |last2=Trzaskowski |first2=M. |last3=Haworth |first3=C. M. |last4=Davis |first4=O. S. |last5=Dale |first5=P. S. |last6=Plomin |first6=R. |year=2012 |title=Socioeconomic Status (SES) and Children's Intelligence (IQ): In a UK-Representative Sample SES Moderates the Environmental, Not Genetic, Effect on IQ. |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=2 |page=e30320 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030320 |pmid=22312423 |pmc=3270016 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730320H|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Dickens and Flynn (2001) have argued that genes for high IQ initiate an environment-shaping [[feedback|feedback cycle]], with genetic effects causing bright children to seek out more stimulating environments that then further increase their IQ. In Dickens' model, environment effects are modeled as decaying over time. In this model, the Flynn effect can be explained by an increase in environmental stimulation independent of it being sought out by individuals. The authors suggest that programs aiming to increase IQ would be most likely to produce long-term IQ gains if they enduringly raised children's drive to seek out cognitively demanding experiences.<ref name="DickensFlynn2001">{{cite journal |last1=Dickens |first1=William T. |last2=Flynn |first2=James R. |title=Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved. |journal=Psychological Review |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=346–69 |year=2001 |pmid=11381833 |doi=10.1037/0033-295X.108.2.346 |url=http://www.apa.org/journals/features/rev1082346.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.139.2436}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=William T. |last1=Dickens |first2=James R. |last2=Flynn |title=The IQ Paradox: Still Resolved |journal=Psychological Review |volume=109 |issue=4 |year=2002 |doi=10.1037/0033-295x.109.4.764 |pages=764–771 |url=http://www.brookings.edu/views/papers/dickens/20020205.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070319031706/http://www.brookings.edu/views/papers/dickens/20020205.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2007}}</ref>