Editing Inquisition (section)

===Roman Inquisition===
{{Main|Roman Inquisition}}

With the [[Protestant Reformation]], Catholic authorities became much more ready to suspect heresy in any new ideas,<ref>{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Adrian Durham|author-link=Adrian Stokes (critic)|title=Michelangelo: a study in the nature of art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_E7epqLi2CwC|access-date=2009-11-26|edition=2|series=Routledge classics|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-26765-6|page=39|quote=Ludovico is so immediately settled in heaven by the poet that some commentators have divined that Michelangelo is voicing heresy, that is to say, the denial of purgatory.|archive-date=2022-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407053105/https://books.google.com/books?id=_E7epqLi2CwC|url-status=live}}</ref> including those of [[Renaissance humanism]],<ref>Erasmus, the arch-Humanist of the Renaissance, came under suspicion of heresy, see
{{cite book|last=Olney|first=Warren|title=Desiderius Erasmus; Paper Read Before the Berkeley Club, March 18, 1920.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdsdOSs6VRgC|access-date=2009-11-26|year=2009|publisher=BiblioBazaar|isbn=978-1-113-40503-6|page=15|quote=Thomas More, in an elaborate defense of his friend, written to a cleric who accused Erasmus of heresy, seems to admit that Erasmus was probably the author of ''Julius''.|archive-date=2022-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407053111/https://books.google.com/books?id=EdsdOSs6VRgC|url-status=live}}</ref> previously strongly supported by many at the top of the Church hierarchy. The extirpation of heretics became a much broader and more complex enterprise, complicated by the politics of territorial Protestant powers, especially in northern Europe. The Catholic Church could no longer exercise direct influence in the politics and justice-systems of lands that officially adopted Protestantism. Thus war (the [[French Wars of Religion]], the [[Thirty Years' War]]), massacre (the [[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre]]) and the missional<ref>{{cite book|last=Vidmar|first=John C.|author-link=John Vidmar|title=The Catholic Church Through the Ages|year=2005|publisher=Paulist Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8091-4234-7|page=241}}</ref> and propaganda work (by the ''[[Sacra congregatio de propaganda fide]]'')<ref>{{cite book|last=Soergel|first=Philip M.|title=Wondrous in His Saints: Counter Reformation Propaganda in Bavaria|year=1993|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-520-08047-5|page=239}}</ref> of the catholic [[Counter-Reformation]] came to play larger roles in these circumstances, and the [[Roman law]] type of a "judicial" approach to heresy represented by the Inquisition became less important overall. In 1542 [[Pope Paul III]] established the Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition as a permanent congregation staffed with [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinals]] and other officials. It had the tasks of maintaining and defending the integrity of the faith and of examining and proscribing errors and false doctrines; it thus became the supervisory body of local Inquisitions.<!--pretty much copied from:--><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Galileo Project {{!}} Christianity {{!}} The Inquisition|url=http://galileo.rice.edu/chr/inquisition.html|access-date=2024-04-30|website=galileo.rice.edu}}</ref> A famous case tried by the Roman Inquisition was that of [[Galileo affair|Galileo Galilei in 1633]].

The penances and sentences for those who confessed or were found guilty were pronounced together in a public ceremony at the end of all the processes. This was the ''sermo generalis'' or ''[[auto-da-fé]]''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Blötzer|first=J.|encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia|title=Inquisition|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm|access-date=2012-08-26|year=1910|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|archive-date=2007-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026132112/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Penance]]s (not matters for the civil authorities) might consist of pilgrimages, a public scourging, a fine, or the wearing of a cross. The wearing of two tongues of red or other brightly colored cloth, sewn onto an outer garment in an "X" pattern, marked those who were under investigation. The penalties in serious cases were confiscation of property by the Inquisition or imprisonment. This led to the possibility of false charges to enable confiscation being made against those over a certain income, particularly rich ''[[marranos]]''. Following the [[Papal States#Napoleonic era|French invasion of 1798]], the new authorities sent 3,000 chests containing over 100,000 Inquisition documents to France from Rome.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}