Editing Individualism (section)

=== Philosophical anarchism ===
{{main|Philosophical anarchism}}
[[File:BenjaminTucker.jpg|thumb|[[Benjamin Tucker]], American individualist anarchist who focused on economics calling them anarchistic-socialism<ref>Tucker said, ''"the fact that one class of men are dependent for their living upon the sale of their labour, while another class of men are relieved of the necessity of labour by being legally privileged to sell something that is not labour . . . And to such a state of things I am as much opposed as any one. But the minute you remove privilege . . . every man will be a labourer exchanging with fellow-labourers . . . What Anarchistic-Socialism aims to abolish is usury . . . it wants to deprive capital of its reward." ''Benjamin Tucker. ''Instead of a Book'', p. 404</ref> and adhering to the [[Mutualism (economy)|mutualist]] economics of [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] and [[Josiah Warren]]]]

Philosophical anarchism is an [[anarchist school of thought]]<ref>Wayne Gabardi, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1957102 review] of ''Anarchism'' by David Miller, published in ''American Political Science Review'' Vol. 80, No. 1. (Mar., 1986), pp. 300–302.</ref> which contends that the [[State (polity)|state]] lacks [[legitimacy (political)|moral legitimacy]]. In contrast to revolutionary anarchism, philosophical anarchism does not advocate violent revolution to eliminate it but advocates peaceful evolution to superate it.<ref>According to scholar [[Allan Antliff]], Benjamin Tucker coined the term "philosophical anarchism," to distinguish peaceful evolutionary anarchism from revolutionary variants. ''Antliff, Allan. 2001. [https://archive.org/details/anarchistmoderni0000antl Anarchist Modernism: Art, Politics, and the First American Avant-Garde]. University of Chicago Press. p. 4''</ref> Although philosophical anarchism does not necessarily imply any action or desire for the elimination of the state, philosophical anarchists do not believe that they have an obligation or duty to obey the state, or conversely that the state has a right to command.

Philosophical anarchism is a component especially of individualist anarchism.<ref>Outhwaite, William & Tourain, Alain (Eds.). (2003). Anarchism. The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought (2nd Edition, p. 12). Blackwell Publishing</ref> Philosophical anarchists of historical note include [[Mohandas Gandhi]], [[William Godwin]], [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]], [[Max Stirner]],<ref>Michael Freeden identifies four broad types of individualist anarchism. He says the first is the type associated with William Godwin that advocates [[self-government]] with a "progressive rationalism that included benevolence to others." The second type is the amoral self-serving rationality of [[Egotism|Egoism]], as most associated with Max Stirner. The third type is "found in [[Herbert Spencer]]'s early predictions, and in that of some of his disciples such as [[Wordsworth Donisthorpe|Donisthorpe]], foreseeing the redundancy of the state in the source of social evolution." The fourth type retains a moderated form of Egoism and accounts for social cooperation through the advocacy of market. Freeden, Michael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ocS-zA5zwSYC ''Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach'']. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-829414-X}}. pp. 313–314.</ref> [[Benjamin Tucker]]<ref>Tucker, Benjamin R., ''Instead of a Book, by a Man too Busy to Write One: A Fragmentary Exposition of Philosophical Anarchism'' (1897, New York)</ref> and [[Henry David Thoreau]].<ref>Broderick, John C. "Thoreau's Proposals for Legislation". ''American Quarterly'', Vol. 7, No. 3 (Autumn, 1955). p. 285</ref> Contemporary philosophical anarchists include [[A. John Simmons]] and [[Robert Paul Wolff]].