Editing Hypothermia (section)

== History ==
[[Image:Prianishnikov 1812.jpg|thumb|The armies of [[Napoleon]] retreat from Russia in 1812.]]
[[File:Joseph Mallord William Turner 081.jpg|thumb|''[[Snow-storm: Hannibal and His Army Crossing the Alps]]'', [[J. M. W. Turner]]]]
Hypothermia has played a major role in the success or failure of many military campaigns, from [[Hannibal]]'s loss of nearly half his men in the [[Second Punic War]] (218 [[Before Christ|B.C.]]) to the [[French invasion of Russia#Retreat|near destruction]] of [[Napoleon]]'s armies in Russia in 1812. Men wandered around confused by hypothermia, some lost consciousness and died, others shivered, later developed [[torpor]], and tended to sleep. Others too weak to walk fell on their knees; some stayed that way for some time resisting death. The [[pulse]] of some was weak and hard to detect; others groaned; yet others had eyes open and wild with quiet delirium.<ref name="Guly 2011" /> Deaths from hypothermia in Russian regions continued through the [[World War I|first]] and [[World War II|second]] world wars, especially on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] in battles such as the [[Battle of Moscow]] and the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] where [[Wehrmacht|German soldiers]] were not provided with [[winter clothing]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice 7th edition |last=Marx |first=John | name-list-style=vanc |year=2010 |publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA |isbn=978-0-323-05472-0 |page=1868 }}</ref>

Civilian examples of deaths caused by hypothermia occurred during the sinkings of the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] and [[RMS Lusitania|RMS ''Lusitania'']], and more recently of the [[MS Estonia|MS ''Estonia'']].<ref>{{cite web|title=Findings: Titanic victims in 'cold shock'|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/169325.article|access-date=November 22, 2014|date=May 24, 2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129131742/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/169325.article|archive-date=November 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|author1=John Updike|title=Remember the Lusitania|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/07/01/remember-the-lusitania|access-date=November 22, 2014|date=July 1, 2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040244/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/07/01/remember-the-lusitania|archive-date=November 29, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Soomer et al., 2001">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soomer H, Ranta H, Penttilä A | title=Identification of victims from the M/S Estonia | journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine | volume=114 | issue=4–5 | pages=259–262 | year=2001 | pmid=11355406 | doi=10.1007/s004140000180 | s2cid=38587050 }}</ref>

[[Antarctic]] explorers developed hypothermia; [[Ernest Shackleton]] and his team measured body temperatures "below 94.2°, which spells death at home", though this probably referred to oral temperatures rather than core temperature and corresponded to mild hypothermia. One of [[Robert Falcon Scott|Scott's]] team, Atkinson, became confused through hypothermia.<ref name="Guly 2011">{{cite journal|last1=Guly|first1=H|title=History of accidental hypothermia.|journal=Resuscitation|date=January 2011|volume=82|issue=1|pages=122–5|pmid=21036455|doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.09.465|pmc=3060344}}</ref>

[[Nazi human experimentation]] during [[World War II]] amounting to [[medical torture]] included [[Nazi human experimentation#Freezing experiments|hypothermia experiments]], which killed many victims. There were 360 to 400 experiments and 280 to 300 subjects, indicating some had more than one experiment performed on them. Various methods of rewarming were attempted: "One assistant later testified that some victims were thrown into boiling water for rewarming".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Berger|first1=RL|title=Nazi science&mdash;the Dachau hypothermia experiments.|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=May 17, 1990|volume=322|issue=20|pages=1435–40|pmid=2184357|doi=10.1056/NEJM199005173222006|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 2024, at least six babies in Gaza died of hypothermia under the harsh rain and cold, which they had to endure in flimsy camps due to the bombing of their homes and forced displacement inflicted upon them by the IDF.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-30 |title=Cold Takes More Infant Lives in Gaza, Adding to the War's Civilian Toll |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/30/world/middleeast/gaza-baby-deaths-cold.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241230134715/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/30/world/middleeast/gaza-baby-deaths-cold.html |archive-date=2024-12-30 |access-date=2024-12-31 |language=en}}</ref> Three of the babies died in the coastal zone of Al-Mawasi, which their families had been forced to evacuate to, given its designation as a "safe zone".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sixth baby dies from severe cold in Gaza as Israel raids hospitals |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/30/sixth-baby-freezes-to-death-in-gaza-as-israel-raids-hospitals |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>