Editing Hulk (section)

===Analysis===
The Hulk is often viewed as a reaction to war. As well as being a reaction to the [[Cold War]], the character has been a cipher for the frustrations the [[Vietnam War]] raised, and Ang Lee said that the [[Iraq War]] influenced his direction.<ref name=GreshWeinberg/><ref>{{Cite magazine| title=Becoming the Hulk | magazine=[[The New Yorker]] | date=June 30, 2003 | last=Lahr | first=John | page=72 | url = http://archives.newyorker.com/?iid=15295&startpage=page0000080}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title=The Clash of Symbols | newspaper=[[Sunday Herald]]|location=Glasgow, United Kingdom| date=December 23, 2007 | last=Phelan | first=Stephen | page=42}}</ref> In the [[Michael Nyman]] edited edition of ''[[The Guardian]]'', Stefanie Diekmann explored Marvel Comics' reaction to the [[September 11 attacks]]. Diekmann discussed The Hulk's appearance in the 9/11 tribute comic ''Heroes'', claiming that his greater prominence, alongside [[Captain America]], aided in "stressing the connection between anger and justified violence without having to depict anything more than a well-known and well-respected protagonist."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Diekmann |first=Stefanie |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/guesteditors/story/0,14481,1201733,00.html |title=Hero and superhero |date=April 24, 2004 |location=London, United Kingdom |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=March 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612092926/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/guesteditors/story/0,14481,1201733,00.html |archive-date=June 12, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In ''Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics'', [[Les Daniels]] addresses the Hulk as an embodiment of cultural fears of radiation and nuclear science. He quotes Jack Kirby thus: "As long as we're experimenting with radioactivity, there's no telling what may happen, or how much our advancements in science may cost us." Daniels continues, "The Hulk became Marvel's most disturbing embodiment of the perils inherent in the [[Atomic Age|atomic age]]."<ref name=DanielsMarvel>{{Cite book|last=Daniels|first=Les|author-link = Les Daniels|title= Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics |publisher= [[Abrams Books|Harry N. Abrams]]|date= 1991|location= New York, New York|page= 89|isbn= 9780810938212}}</ref>

In ''Comic Book Nation'', Bradford Wright alludes to Hulk's counterculture status, referring to a 1965 ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' magazine poll amongst college students which "revealed that student radicals ranked [[Spider-Man]] and the Hulk alongside the likes of [[Bob Dylan]] and [[Che Guevara]] as their favorite revolutionary icons." Wright goes on to cite examples of his anti-authority symbol status. Two of these are "The Ballad of the Hulk" by [[Jerry Jeff Walker]], and the ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' cover for September 30, 1971, a full color [[Herb Trimpe]] piece commissioned for the magazine.<ref name="Nation"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jonah |url=http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=MDMyYTQ4NTc5ZTU1Y2U0ZDc4ZjhmZmIwMmRhZjNjNDg= |title=Spin City |date=May 7, 2002 |work=National Review Online |access-date=March 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608015850/http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=MDMyYTQ4NTc5ZTU1Y2U0ZDc4ZjhmZmIwMmRhZjNjNDg= |archive-date=June 8, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The Hulk has been caricatured in such [[List of animated television series|animated television series]] as ''[[The Simpsons]]'',<ref name=IAmFuriousYellow>{{Cite episode |series= [[The Simpsons]]|title=[[I Am Furious Yellow]] |airdate= April 28, 2002|season=13|number= 18|credits = [[John Swartzwelder|Swartzwelder, John]] (writer); [[Chuck Sheetz|Sheetz, Chuck]] (director)|network = [[Fox Broadcasting Company]]}}</ref> ''[[Robot Chicken]]'', and ''[[Family Guy]]'',<ref>{{Cite episode | title= [[Chitty Chitty Death Bang]]|series= [[Family Guy]]|credits= [[Danny Smith (writer)|Smith, Danny]] (writer); [[Dominic Polcino|Polcino, Dominic]] (director)|network= Fox Broadcasting Company|airdate= April 18, 1999|season= 1|number=3}}</ref> and such [[comedy]] [[television program|TV series]] as ''[[The Young Ones (TV series)|The Young Ones]]''.<ref>{{Cite episode |series=[[The Young Ones (TV series)|The Young Ones]]|credits= [[Ben Elton|Elton, Ben]], [[Rik Mayall|Mayall, Rik]], and [[Lise Mayer|Mayer, Lise]] (writers); Posner, Geoff (director)|title= [[Summer Holiday (The Young Ones episode)|Summer Holiday]]|series-no= 2|number= 6| airdate= June 19, 1984}}</ref> The character is also used as a cultural reference point for someone displaying anger or agitation. For example, in a 2008 ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' review of an ''[[EastEnders]]'' episode, a character is described as going "into Incredible Hulk mode, smashing up his flat."<ref>{{Cite news| title=We love telly: We love soaps | newspaper=[[Daily Mirror]] | location=London, United Kingdom | date=February 5, 2008 | last=Quigley | first=Maeve | page=1}}</ref> In September 2019, [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[Boris Johnson]] likened himself to The Hulk in an interview with the ''[[Mail On Sunday]]'', as political pressure built on him to request an extension to the date of [[Brexit negotiations in 2019#September 2019|the UK's withdrawal from the European Union]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/09/15/boris-johnson-channeling-the-incredible-hulk-defiant-on-october-31-brexit|title=Boris Johnson, channelling the Incredible Hulk, defiant on October 31 Brexit|date=15 September 2019|work=[[Euronews]]|access-date=15 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/top-stories/the-best-reactions-to-boris-johnson-comparing-himself-to-the-hulk-1-6270685|title=Boris Johnson compared himself to the Hulk and the internet reacted with scorn|last=Read|first=Jonathon|date=15 September 2019|work=[[The New European]]|access-date=15 September 2019|archive-date=June 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610132603/https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/top-stories/the-best-reactions-to-boris-johnson-comparing-himself-to-the-hulk-1-6270685|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Hulk, especially his alter ego Bruce Banner, is also a common reference in [[hip hop music]]. The term was represented as an analogue to marijuana in [[Dr. Dre]]'s ''[[2001 (Dr. Dre album)|2001]]'',<ref>"[http://www.songmeanings.net/songs/view/14877/= Some L.A. Niggaz]" from ''[[2001 (Dr. Dre album)|2001]]''. [[Dr. Dre]]. 1999.</ref> while more conventional references are made in [[Ludacris]] and [[Jermaine Dupri]]'s popular single "[[Welcome to Atlanta]]".{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

The 2003 [[Ang Lee]]-directed ''[[Hulk (film)|Hulk]]'' film saw discussion of the character's appeal to [[Asian American]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marchetti |first=Gina |url=http://www.filmint.nu/?q=node/68 |title=Hollywood Taiwan |journal=Film International |volume=2 |issue=6 |date=November 2004 |pages=42–51 |issn=1651-6826 |doi=10.1386/fiin.2.6.42 |access-date=March 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613204440/http://www.filmint.nu/?q=node/68 |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The Taiwanese-born Ang Lee commented on the "subcurrent of repression" that underscored the character of The Hulk, and how that mirrored his own experience: "Growing up, my artistic leanings were always repressed—there was always pressure to do something 'useful,' like being a doctor." Jeff Yang, writing for the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', extended this self-identification to Asian American culture, arguing that "the passive-aggressive streak runs deep among Asian Americans—especially those who have entered creative careers, often against their parents' wishes."<ref>{{cite web|last=Yang |first=Jeff |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/gate/archive/2006/06/01/apop.DTL |title=Look ... Up in the sky! It's Asian Man! |date=June 1, 2006 |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |publisher=[[Hearst Corporation]] |access-date=March 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612155951/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/gate/archive/2006/06/01/apop.DTL |archive-date=June 12, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

There have been explorations about the real-world possibility of Hulk's gamma-radiation-based origin. In ''The Science of Superheroes'', Lois Grest and Robert Weinberg examined Hulk's powers, explaining the scientific flaws in them. Most notably, they point out that the level of [[gamma radiation]] Banner is exposed to at the initial blast would induce radiation sickness and kill him, or if not, create significant cancer risks for Banner, because hard radiation strips cells of their ability to function. They go on to offer up an alternate origin, in which a Hulk might be created by biological experimentation with [[adrenal gland]]s and [[green fluorescent protein|GFP]]. Charles Q. Choi from LiveScience.com further explains that, unlike the Hulk, gamma rays are not green; existing as they do beyond the visible spectrum, gamma rays have no color at all that we can describe. He also explains that gamma rays are so powerful (the most powerful form of electromagnetic radiation and 10,000 times more powerful than visible light) that they can even convert energy into matter&nbsp;– a possible explanation for the increased mass that Bruce Banner takes on during transformations. "Just as the Incredible Hulk 'is the strongest one there is,' as he says himself, so too are gamma-ray bursts the most powerful explosions known."<ref>{{cite web| last=Choi | first=Charles Q. | title=Gamma Rays: The Incredible, Hulking Reality | publisher=LiveScience | date=June 11, 2008 | url=http://www.livescience.com/strangenews/080611-incredible-hulk.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140409043518/http://www.livescience.com/2590-gamma-rays-incredible-hulking-reality.html|archive-date= April 9, 2014|url-status= live|access-date=June 12, 2008}}</ref>