Editing Holland Tunnel (section)

===Early years===
In 1930, there was a disagreement between the Hudson River Tunnel Commission and the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|Port of New York Authority]] over who would construct the [[Lincoln Tunnel]]. The tunnel was to be located further north along the Hudson River, connecting nearby [[Weehawken, New Jersey|Weehawken]] to Manhattan. The two agencies merged that April, and the expanded Port Authority of New York and New Jersey took over operations of the Holland Tunnel,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/04/05/archives/merge-port-control-for-tunnel-project-legislative-leaders-of-two.html|title=Merge Port Control For Tunnel Project|date=April 5, 1930|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=May 11, 2018|archive-date=June 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619012927/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/04/05/archives/merge-port-control-for-tunnel-project-legislative-leaders-of-two.html|url-status=live}}</ref> a role that it maintains to this day.<ref name="Stats" /> Real property title was not passed however.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panynj.gov/bridges-tunnels/holland-tunnel-history.html |title=History – Holland Tunnel |work=[[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] |access-date=May 29, 2010 |archive-date=May 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527103219/http://www.panynj.gov/bridges-tunnels/holland-tunnel-history.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A second vehicular link between New Jersey and Manhattan, the [[George Washington Bridge]], opened in October 1931.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/10/26/archives/56312-cars-cross-bridge-on-first-day-festive-air-reigns-thousands.html|title=56,312 Cars Cross Bridge On First Day|date=October 26, 1931|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=May 11, 2018|archive-date=May 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513031601/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F1071EFD3B5D1B7A93C4AB178BD95F458385F9|url-status=live}}</ref> The Lincoln Tunnel, the third and final vehicular connection between New Jersey and Manhattan, first opened in December 1937.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lincoln Tunnel Dedicated At Ceremony Here|date=December 21, 1937|work=New York Sun|pages=[http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2018/New%20York%20NY%20Sun/New%20York%20NY%20Sun%201937/New%20York%20NY%20Sun%201937%20-%206601.pdf1], [http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201937%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201937%2520-%25206623.pdf 23]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lT8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18|title=Another Vehicular Tunnel Under Hudson River Now Connects New York and New Jersey|date=December 27, 1937|newspaper=[[Life (magazine)|Life]]|access-date=March 27, 2010|page=18}}</ref> Within the first 25 years of the Holland Tunnel's opening, it had carried 330&nbsp;million vehicles in total, but a significant portion of Holland Tunnel traffic was diverted to the Lincoln Tunnel and George Washington Bridge after the opening of the latter two crossings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/11/13/archives/holland-tunnel-now-25-years-old-trailblazing-motor-project-has.html|title=Holland Tunnel Now 25 Years Old|date=November 13, 1952|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=May 15, 2018|archive-date=May 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516020554/https://www.nytimes.com/1952/11/13/archives/holland-tunnel-now-25-years-old-trailblazing-motor-project-has.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1945, the Port Authority approved the extension of a tunnel approach on the [[New Jersey]] side.  A new viaduct for westbound traffic would connect the intersection of [[14th Street (Manhattan)|14th Street]] and Jersey Avenue, outside the Holland Tunnel's exit portal, to [[New Jersey Route 139|Hoboken Avenue and NJ Route 139]], on top of [[The Palisades (Hudson River)|The Palisades]]. This would supplement an existing bidirectional viaduct, which connected Hoboken Avenue with 12th Street and currently only carries eastbound traffic.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1945/11/02/archives/uptown-auto-tunnel-reopens-next-friday.html|title=Uptown Auto Tunnel Reopens Next Friday|date=November 2, 1945|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=May 14, 2018|archive-date=May 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516014646/https://www.nytimes.com/1945/11/02/archives/uptown-auto-tunnel-reopens-next-friday.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 14th Street viaduct was first opened for vehicular use in January 1951, although the road was not complete;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1950/12/30/archives/new-viaduct-to-be-used-jersey-city-route-will-serve-as-detour-next.html|title=New Viaduct to be Used|date=December 30, 1950|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=May 15, 2018|archive-date=May 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516020633/https://www.nytimes.com/1950/12/30/archives/new-viaduct-to-be-used-jersey-city-route-will-serve-as-detour-next.html|url-status=live}}</ref> it was officially completed that February.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/02/13/archives/holland-tube-exit-opens-today.html|title=Holland Tube Exit Opens Today|date=February 13, 1951|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=May 15, 2018|archive-date=May 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516020722/https://www.nytimes.com/1951/02/13/archives/holland-tube-exit-opens-today.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 12th and 14th Street viaducts were later also connected to the [[New Jersey Turnpike]] Extension. The first part of the extension, [[Newark Bay Bridge]], opened between [[Bayonne, New Jersey|Bayonne]] and [[Newark Liberty International Airport]] in April 1956;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/04/05/archives/newark-bay-bridge-on-turnpike-opens.html|title=Newark Bay Bridge on Turnpike Opens|date=April 5, 1956|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=May 15, 2018|archive-date=May 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516020720/https://www.nytimes.com/1956/04/05/archives/newark-bay-bridge-on-turnpike-opens.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the connection between Bayonne and the 12th/14th Street viaducts was completed that September, providing direct highway connection between the Holland Tunnel and Newark Airport.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/09/16/archives/hudson-pike-link-opened-in-jersey-bayonnejersey-city-section-is.html|title=Hudson Pike Link Opened In Jersey|date=September 16, 1956|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=May 15, 2018|archive-date=May 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516020959/https://www.nytimes.com/1956/09/16/archives/hudson-pike-link-opened-in-jersey-bayonnejersey-city-section-is.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The NJ Turnpike Extension, as well as the Holland Tunnel and the 12th/14th Street approaches, was designated as part of [[Interstate 78 in New Jersey|I-78]] in 1958.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/09/19/archives/new-roads-with-new-numbers-will-parallel-old-us-routes.html|title=New Roads With New Numbers Will Parallel Old U.S. Routes|last=Wright|first=George Cable|date=September 19, 1958|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=May 15, 2018|archive-date=September 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926100756/http://www.nytimes.com/1958/09/19/archives/new-roads-with-new-numbers-will-parallel-old-us-routes.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| image1 = Holland tunnel toll booth.jpg
| caption1 = The toll plaza on the [[New Jersey]] side in 1985 just before its reconstruction
| image2 = Holland Tunnel E-ZPass.jpg
| caption2 = The reconstructed toll plaza with an [[E-ZPass]]-Cash lane in 2009
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Starting in the 1940s, New York City officials developed plans to connect the Holland Tunnel's Manhattan end to the [[Lower Manhattan Expressway]], a proposed elevated highway connecting to both the [[Williamsburg Bridge]] and the [[Manhattan Bridge]] to [[Brooklyn]]. This connection would be part of [[Interstate 78 in New York|I-78]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/10/14/archives/express-way-plan-goes-to-odwyer-proposed-lower-manhattan-expressway.html|title=Express Way Plan Goes to O'dwyer; Proposed Lower Manhattan Expressway|date=October 14, 1946|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=May 14, 2018|archive-date=May 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516020551/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/10/14/archives/express-way-plan-goes-to-odwyer-proposed-lower-manhattan-expressway.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1956, Robert Moses suggested adding a third tube to the Holland Tunnel, similar to the Lincoln Tunnel's third tube, so there would be sufficient capacity for the proposed expressway traffic.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/07/02/archives/third-holland-tube-proposed-by-moses-3d-holland-tube-urged-by-moses.html|title=Third Holland Tube Proposed by Moses|last=Ingraham|first=Joseph C.|date=July 2, 1956|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=May 14, 2018|archive-date=May 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515044040/https://www.nytimes.com/1956/07/02/archives/third-holland-tube-proposed-by-moses-3d-holland-tube-urged-by-moses.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The route of the Lower Manhattan Expressway was approved in 1960,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/16/archives/downtown-road-linking-2-rivers-is-voted-by-city-848-million.html|title=Downtown Road Linking 2 Rivers Is Voted By City|last=Crowell|first=Paul|date=September 16, 1960|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=May 14, 2018|archive-date=May 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515050949/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/16/archives/downtown-road-linking-2-rivers-is-voted-by-city-848-million.html|url-status=live}}</ref> but quickly became controversial due to the large number of tenants who would have to be relocated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/08/20/archives/wagner-puts-off-expressway-plan-will-ask-extension-of-study-on.html|title=Wagner Puts Off Expressway Plan|date=August 20, 1962|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=May 14, 2018|archive-date=May 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515052908/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/08/20/archives/wagner-puts-off-expressway-plan-will-ask-extension-of-study-on.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Lower Manhattan Expressway project was ultimately canceled in March 1971.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/03/25/archives/lower-manhattan-road-killed-under-state-plan.html|title=Lower Manhattan Road Killed Under State Plan|last=Vines|first=Francis X.|date=March 25, 1971|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=March 19, 2018|archive-date=June 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613001448/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/03/25/archives/lower-manhattan-road-killed-under-state-plan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Port Authority voted in 1953 to replace the original tollbooths on the New Jersey side, which did not contain canopies, with an updated plaza that contained a canopy.<ref name="NYTimes-Tollbooths-1953">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/04/10/archives/new-toll-booths-planned-at-holland-tunnel-entry.html|title=New Toll Booths Planned At Holland Tunnel Entry|date=April 10, 1953|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=May 15, 2018|archive-date=May 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516020701/https://www.nytimes.com/1953/04/10/archives/new-toll-booths-planned-at-holland-tunnel-entry.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The next year, the Port Authority also voted to refurbish the Holland Tunnel's administration building on the New Jersey side, as well as construct a new service building.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/09/12/archives/contract-awarded-for-tunnel-plaza.html|title=Contract Awarded for Tunnel Plaza|date=September 12, 1954|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=May 15, 2018|archive-date=June 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614052308/https://www.nytimes.com/1954/09/12/archives/contract-awarded-for-tunnel-plaza.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The development of a {{convert|2|ft|m|-wide|adj=mid}} one-man miniature [[electric car]] for tunnel police, to be installed on the tubes' catwalks, was announced in August 1954.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/08/07/archives/police-in-holland-tunnel-to-test-tiny-catwalk-car-for-patrol-duty.html|title=Police in Holland Tunnel to Test Tiny Catwalk Car for Patrol Duty|date=August 7, 1954|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=May 15, 2018|archive-date=May 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516014740/https://www.nytimes.com/1954/08/07/archives/police-in-holland-tunnel-to-test-tiny-catwalk-car-for-patrol-duty.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Port Authority tested the "catwalk car" along a {{convert|2200|ft|m|adj=on}} stretch of the Holland Tunnel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/12/21/archives/car-on-catwalk-tested-for-holland-tunnel-patrol.html|title=Car on Catwalk Tested for Holland Tunnel Patrol|date=December 21, 1954|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=May 15, 2018|archive-date=May 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516020626/https://www.nytimes.com/1954/12/21/archives/car-on-catwalk-tested-for-holland-tunnel-patrol.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After the car had passed its test, policemen could patrol the full length of the tubes using the catwalk car instead of having to walk the tubes' entire length. By use of a [[swivel seat]] the policemen could drive the car in either direction.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA100 |title=Police Car Rides Narrow Gauge Track Catwalk in Tunnel |magazine=Popular Mechanics |date=March 1955 |page=100|publisher=Hearst Magazines}}</ref>