Editing History of Scotland (section)

===Enlightenment===
{{Main|Scottish Enlightenment}}
[[File:AdamSmith.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[Adam Smith]], the father of modern economics]]
Historian [[Jonathan Israel]] argues that by 1750 Scotland's major cities had created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions, such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The Scottish network was "predominantly liberal Calvinist, Newtonian, and 'design' oriented in character which played a major role in the further development of the transatlantic Enlightenment ."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Israel |first=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3xP4l0ug3rAC&pg=PA233 |title=Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights 1750–1790 |publisher=Oxford UP |year=2011 |isbn=9780191620041 |page=233}}</ref><ref name="HermanTwo">A. Herman, ''How the Scots Invented the Modern World'' (Crown Publishing Group, 2001).</ref> In France [[Voltaire]] said "we look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization", and the Scots in turn paid close attention to French ideas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lawrence E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rbqn4RfUMioC&pg=PA92 |title=Jews, Confucians, and Protestants: Cultural Capital and the End of Multiculturalism |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2012 |isbn=9781442219649 |page=92}}</ref> Historian Bruce Lenman says their "central achievement was a new capacity to recognize and interpret social patterns."<ref>R. A. Houston and W. W. J. Knox, ''The New Penguin History of Scotland'' (2001), p. 342.</ref> 

The first major philosopher of the Scottish Enlightenment was [[Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)|Francis Hutcheson]], who held the Chair of Philosophy at the University of Glasgow from 1729 to 1746. A moral philosopher who produced alternatives to the ideas of [[Thomas Hobbes]], one of his major contributions to world thought was the [[utilitarian]] and [[consequentialist]] principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers". Much of what is incorporated in the [[scientific method]] (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his protégés [[David Hume]] and [[Adam Smith]].<ref name="Denby">{{Citation |title=The Scottish enlightenment and the challenges for Europe in the 21st century; climate change and energy |date=11 October 2004 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/10/11/041011crat_atlarge |magazine=The New Yorker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606141619/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/10/11/041011crat_atlarge |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hume became a major figure in the [[Philosophical skepticism|skeptical philosophical]] and [[empiricist]] traditions of philosophy. He and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed what he called a '[[science of man]]',<ref name="Magnusson">{{Citation |last=Magnusson |first=M.  |title=Review of James Buchan, ''Capital of the Mind: how Edinburgh Changed the World'' |date=10 November 2003 |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200311100040 |work=New Statesman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606015918/http://www.newstatesman.com/200311100040 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> which was expressed historically in works by authors including [[James Burnett, Lord Monboddo|James Burnett]], [[Adam Ferguson]], [[John Millar (philosopher)|John Millar]] and [[William Robertson (historian)|William Robertson]], all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behave in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of [[modernity]]. Modern sociology largely originated from this movement<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swingewood |first=Alan |year=1970 |title=Origins of Sociology: The Case of the Scottish Enlightenment |journal=The British Journal of Sociology |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=164–180 |doi=10.2307/588406 |jstor=588406}}</ref> and Hume's philosophical concepts that directly influenced [[James Madison]] (and thus the [[United States Constitution]]) and when popularised by [[Dugald Stewart]], would be the basis of classical liberalism.<ref>D. Daiches, P. Jones and J. Jones, ''A Hotbed of Genius: The Scottish Enlightenment, 1730–1790'' (1986).</ref> Adam Smith published ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', often considered the first work on modern economics. It had an immediate impact on British economic policy and in the 21st century still framed discussions on [[globalisation]] and tariffs.<ref name="Fry">M. Fry, ''Adam Smith's Legacy: His Place in the Development of Modern Economics'' (Routledge, 1992).</ref> 

The focus of the Scottish Enlightenment ranged from intellectual and economic matters to the specifically scientific as in the work of the physician and chemist [[William Cullen]], the agriculturalist and economist [[James Anderson of Hermiston|James Anderson]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eddy |first=Matthew Daniel |year=2007 |title=The Aberdeen Agricola: Principles and Practice in James Anderson's Georgics and Geology |url=https://www.academia.edu/3667295 |journal=New Narratives in Eighteenth-Century Chemistry |issue=Lawrence Principe (Ed.) |pages=139–156 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6278-0_7}}</ref> chemist and physician [[Joseph Black]], natural historian [[John Walker (natural historian)|John Walker]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eddy |first=Matthew Daniel |url=https://www.academia.edu/1112014 |title=The Language of Mineralogy: John Walker, Chemistry and the Edinburgh Medical School, 1750–1800 |date=2008 |publisher=Ashgate |location=Aldershot}}</ref> and [[James Hutton]], the first modern geologist.<ref name="Denby" /><ref name="Repcheck">J. Repcheck, ''The Man Who Found Time: James Hutton and the Discovery of the Earth's Antiquity'' (Basic Books, 2003), pp. 117–143.</ref>