Editing Heroin (section)

==History==
{{see also|History of opium in China}}
[[File:Heroin (13212822665).jpg|thumb|Photo from the [[West Midlands Police Museum]] showing an ampoule containing pharmaceutical liquid heroin]]

The [[opium poppy]] was cultivated in lower [[Mesopotamia]] as long ago as 3400 BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html|title=Opium Throughout History|publisher=PBS Frontline|access-date=22 October 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923053042/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html|archive-date=23 September 2006}}</ref> The chemical analysis of [[opium]] in the 19th century revealed that most of its activity could be ascribed to the [[alkaloids]] [[codeine]] and [[morphine]].

Diamorphine was first synthesized in 1874 by [[C. R. Alder Wright]], an English chemist working at [[St Mary's Hospital (London)|St. Mary's Hospital]] Medical School in London who had been experimenting combining morphine with various acids. He boiled anhydrous morphine alkaloid with [[acetic anhydride]] for several hours and produced a more potent, [[acetylated]] form of morphine which is now called ''diacetylmorphine'' or ''morphine diacetate''. He sent the compound to F. M. Pierce of Owens College in Manchester for analysis. Pierce told Wright:

{{blockquote|Doses… were subcutaneously injected into young dogs and rabbit… with the following general results… great prostration, fear, and sleepiness speedily following the administration, the eyes being sensitive, and pupils constrict, considerable salivation being produced in dogs, and a slight tendency to vomiting in some cases, but no actual [[emesis]]. Respiration was at first quickened, but subsequently reduced, and the heart's action was diminished and rendered irregular. Marked want of coordinating power over the muscular movements, and loss of power in the pelvis and hind limbs, together with a diminution of temperature in the rectum of about 4°.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adhpage.dilaudid.net/heroin.html|title=On the action of organic acids and their anhydrides on the natural alkaloids| vauthors = Wright CR |date=12 August 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040606103721/http://adhpage.dilaudid.net/heroin.html|archive-date=6 June 2004}} Note: this is an annotated excerpt of {{cite journal| vauthors = Wright CR | year = 1874| title = On the action of organic acids and their anhydrides on the natural alkaloids| journal = [[Journal of the Chemical Society]]| volume = 27| pages = 1031–1043 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077817453&view=1up&seq=1039 | doi = 10.1039/js8742701031}}</ref>}}

[[File:Bayer Heroin bottle.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Bayer Heroin bottle]]

Wright's invention did not lead to any further developments, and diamorphine became popular only after it was independently re-synthesized 23 years later by chemist [[Felix Hoffmann]].<ref name="Bio">{{cite web|title=Felix Hoffmann|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/felix-hoffmann|website=Science History Institute|access-date=18 March 2018|date=June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130305/https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/felix-hoffmann|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Hoffmann was working at [[Bayer]] pharmaceutical company in [[Elberfeld]], Germany, and his supervisor [[Heinrich Dreser]] instructed him to acetylate morphine with the objective of producing codeine, a constituent of the opium poppy that is pharmacologically similar to morphine but less potent and less addictive. Instead, the experiment produced an acetylated form of morphine one and a half to two times more potent than morphine itself. Hoffmann synthesized heroin on 21 August 1897, just eleven days after he had synthesized [[aspirin]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Schaefer B |title=Natural Products in the Chemical Industry |date=2015 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-642-54461-3 |page=316 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbO4CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA316 |access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref>

The head of Bayer's research department reputedly coined the drug's new name of "heroin", based on the German ''heroisch'' which means "heroic, strong" (from the ancient Greek word "heros, ήρως"). Bayer scientists were not the first to make heroin, but their scientists discovered ways to make it, and Bayer led the commercialization of heroin.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Edwards J | work = Business Insider | date = 17 November 2011 | url = http://www.businessinsider.com/yes-bayer-promoted-heroin-for-children-here-are-the-ads-that-prove-it-2011-11 | title = Yes, Bayer Promoted Heroin for Children – Here Are The Ads That Prove It | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150501031210/http://www.businessinsider.com/yes-bayer-promoted-heroin-for-children-here-are-the-ads-that-prove-it-2011-11 | archive-date = 1 May 2015 }}</ref>

Bayer marketed diacetylmorphine as an [[over-the-counter drug]] under the trademark name Heroin.<ref name="etymonline.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=heroin|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|publisher=Etymonline.com|access-date=20 October 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515083725/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=heroin|archive-date=15 May 2011}}</ref> It was developed chiefly as a [[morphine]] substitute for [[Cough medicine|cough suppressants]] that did not have morphine's addictive side-effects. Morphine at the time was a popular recreational drug, and Bayer wished to find a similar but non-addictive substitute to market. However, contrary to Bayer's advertising as a "non-addictive morphine substitute", heroin would soon have one of the highest rates of [[addiction]] among its users.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drugrehabtreatment.com/most-addictive-drugs.html|title=The Most Addictive Drugs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213101818/http://www.drugrehabtreatment.com/most-addictive-drugs.html|archive-date=13 February 2010}}</ref>

From 1898 through to 1910, diamorphine was marketed under the trademark name Heroin as a non-addictive morphine substitute and cough suppressant.<ref name="TimesUnion">{{cite news | vauthors = Moore D | work = [[Times Union (Albany)|Times Union]] | date = 24 August 2014 | url = http://www.timesunion.com/518life/article/Heroin-A-brief-history-of-unintended-consequences-5705610.php | title = Heroin: A brief history of unintended consequences | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150419071311/http://www.timesunion.com/518life/article/Heroin-A-brief-history-of-unintended-consequences-5705610.php | archive-date=19 April 2015 }}</ref> In the 11th edition of ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (1910), the article on morphine states: "In the cough of [[Tuberculosis|phthisis]] minute doses [of morphine] are of service, but in this particular disease morphine is frequently better replaced by codeine or by heroin, which checks irritable coughs without the narcotism following upon the administration of morphine."

In the US, the [[Harrison Narcotics Tax Act]] was passed in 1914 to control the sale and distribution of diacetylmorphine and other opioids, which allowed the drug to be prescribed and sold for medical purposes. In 1924, the United States Congress banned its sale, importation, or manufacture. It is now a [[Schedule I controlled substance|Schedule I substance]], which makes it illegal for non-medical use in signatory nations of the [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]] treaty, including the United States.

The Health Committee of the [[League of Nations]] banned diacetylmorphine in 1925, although it took more than three years for this to be implemented. In the meantime, the first [[designer drugs]], viz. 3,6 diesters and 6 monoesters of morphine and acetylated analogues of closely related drugs like [[hydromorphone]] and [[dihydromorphine]], were produced in massive quantities to fill the worldwide demand for diacetylmorphine—this continued until 1930 when the Committee banned diacetylmorphine analogues with no therapeutic advantage over drugs already in use, the first major legislation of this type.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

Bayer lost some of its trademark rights to heroin (as well as [[aspirin]]) under the 1919 [[Treaty of Versailles]] following the German defeat in [[World War I]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery| vauthors = Schlager N, Lauer J |date=2001|publisher=Gale Group |isbn=078763932X|location=Detroit|pages=[https://archive.org/details/scienceitstimesu0000unse/page/360 360]|oclc=43836551|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/scienceitstimesu0000unse/page/360}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Happy birthday to the wonder drug that changed our lives |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/mar/06/1 |work=The Guardian|date=6 March 1999 }}</ref>

Use of heroin by jazz musicians in particular was prevalent in the mid-twentieth century, including [[Billie Holiday]], saxophonists [[Charlie Parker]] and [[Art Pepper]], trumpeter and vocalist [[Chet Baker]], guitarist [[Joe Pass]] and piano player/singer [[Ray Charles]]; a "staggering number of jazz musicians were addicts".<ref name="MartinWaters2008">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e64R7pJ3zJsC&pg=PA168|title=Essential Jazz: The First 100 Years| vauthors = Martin H, Waters K |date=25 January 2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-50525-9|page=168|access-date=26 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203231043/http://books.google.com/books?id=e64R7pJ3zJsC&pg=PA168|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> It was also a problem with many rock musicians, particularly from the late 1960s through the 1990s. [[Pete Doherty]] is also a self-confessed user of heroin.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Michaels S | date = 28 June 2012 | work = The Guardian | title = Pete Doherty skips T in the Park to enter rehab | url = https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jun/28/pete-doherty-t-park-rehab }}</ref> [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] lead singer [[Kurt Cobain]]'s heroin addiction was well documented.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Azerrad M |title=Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana. |date=1993 |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=978-0-385-47199-2 |edition=1st | page = 241 }}</ref> [[Pantera]] frontman [[Phil Anselmo]] turned to heroin while touring during the 1990s to cope with his back pain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=125509|title=Philip Anselmo Opens Up About His Heroin Addiction, Pantera's Breakup|date=19 August 2009|work=Blabbermouth.net|access-date=12 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111133613/https://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx%3Fmode%3DArticle%26newsitemID%3D125509|archive-date=11 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> [[James Taylor]], [[Taylor Hawkins]], [[Jimmy Page]], [[John Lennon]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[Johnny Winter]], [[Keith Richards]], [[Shaun Ryder]], [[Shane MacGowan]] and [[Janis Joplin]] also used heroin. Many musicians have made songs referencing their heroin usage.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/jul/09/velvetrevolver.gunsnroses|title=I died. I do remember that| vauthors = Sweeting A |date=9 July 2004|work=The Guardian|location=London|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230054611/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/jul/09/velvetrevolver.gunsnroses|archive-date=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Brown P | title=The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of The Beatles | orig-date=1983 | date = 2002 | page = 331 |location=New York | publisher = McGraw-Hill / New American Library |isbn=978-0-07-008159-8 }}</ref><ref name="nuaa">{{cite web|url=http://www.nuaa.org.au/nuaa/News/media/UN52/UN52-loaded_great_heroin_songs.pdf|title=Loaded – Great heroin songs of the rock era| vauthors = Bates M |date=December 2008|pages=26–27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409082048/http://www.nuaa.org.au/nuaa/News/media/UN52/UN52-loaded_great_heroin_songs.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=9 April 2008|access-date=17 January 2008}}</ref><ref>Liner notes, Music Bank box set. 1999.</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Howard G | date = 18 September 2009 |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/obit/2009/09/death_of_a_poet.html|title=Death of a Poet: Saying goodbye to Jim Carroll. | work = Slate |access-date=2 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102224352/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/obit/2009/09/death_of_a_poet.html|archive-date=2 January 2014 }}</ref>