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==Academic profile== ===School statistics=== The university employs more than 15,000 academic staff; most of them are physicians engaged in the [[University Hospital Heidelberg|University Hospital]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/facts/|title=Facts|access-date=18 September 2010|work=Heidelberg University|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819144915/http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/facts/|archive-date=19 August 2010}}</ref> As of 2008, the faculty encompasses 4,196 full-time staff, excluding visiting professors as well as [[Postgraduate education|graduate]] [[research assistant|research]] and [[teaching assistant]]s. 673 faculty members have been drawn from abroad. Heidelberg University also attracts more than 500 international scholars as visiting professors each academic year. The university enrols a total of 28,949 students, including 5,276 international students.<ref name="studentenstatistik"/> In addition there are 1,467 international [[exchange student]]s at Heidelberg. 23,636 students pursue taught degrees, 4,114 of whom are international students, and 919 are international exchange students. 4,114 students pursue a [[doctoral degree]], including 1,444 international doctoral students and 15 international [[exchange student]]s. In 2007, the university awarded 994 [[PhD degree]]s.<ref name="QS Profile"/> ===Rankings=== {{Infobox Germany university rankings | QS = =84 | QS_change = Rise | QS_N = 3 | QS_N_change = Same position | QS_year = 2025 | QS_ref = <ref name="QS">{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2025|title=QS World University Rankings 2025|access-date=6 June 2024|website=[[QS World University Rankings]]}}</ref> | THE = 47 | THE_change = Fall | THE_N = 3 | THE_N_change = Same position | THE_year = 2024 | THE_ref = <ref name="THE">{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking|title=World University Rankings 2023|access-date=12 October 2022|website=[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]|date=4 October 2022|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927173053/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking|url-status=live}}</ref> | ARWU = 55 | ARWU_change = Rise | ARWU_N = 1 | ARWU_N_change = Rise | ARWU_year = 2023 | ARWU_ref = <ref name="ARWU">{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023|title=2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities|website=[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]|access-date=15 August 2023|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829192323/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023|url-status=live}}</ref> | QS_Subject1_title = Natural Sciences | QS_Subject1 = 50 | QS_Subject1_N = 4 | QS_Subject1_year = 2024 | QS_Subject1_ref = <ref name="QSSubject">{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings/2024|title=QS World University Rankings by Subject 2024|access-date=10 April 2024|website=[[QS World University Rankings]]}}</ref> | THE_Subject1_title = Physical Sciences | THE_Subject1 = =34 | THE_Subject1_N = 3 | THE_Subject1_year = 2023 | THE_Subject1_ref = <ref name="THESubject">{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/by-subject|title=World University Rankings by subject|access-date=27 October 2023|website=[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]|archive-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301164410/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/by-subject|url-status=live}}</ref> | QS_Subject2_title = Life Sciences and Medicine | QS_Subject2 = =38 | QS_Subject2_N = 1 | QS_Subject2_year = 2024 | QS_Subject2_ref = <ref name="QSSubject"/> | THE_Subject2_title = Life Sciences | THE_Subject2 = 32 | THE_Subject2_N = 1 | THE_Subject2_year = 2024 | THE_Subject2_ref = <ref name="THESubject"/> | ARWU_Subject2_title = Clinical Medicine | ARWU_Subject2 = 17 | ARWU_Subject2_N = 1 | ARWU_Subject2_year = 2023 | ARWU_Subject2_ref = <ref name="ARWUSubject">{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/gras/2023|title=ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2023|website=[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]|access-date=2023-10-27|archive-date=10 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210222318/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/gras/2023|url-status=live}}</ref> }} In the 2025 edition of the [[QS World University Rankings]], Heidelberg ranked 84th globally and 3rd in Germany.<ref name="QS"/> According to the 2024 [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]], the university was ranked 47th in the world and held the position as the 3rd best university in the country.<ref name="THE"/> Moreover, in the 2023 [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|ARWU World Rankings]], Heidelberg secured the 55th position worldwide and was ranked first nationally.<ref name="ARWU"/> According to the funding report of the [[Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft|German Research Foundation]] (DFG) of 2018, which breaks down the grants from 2014 to 2016, the Heidelberg University ranked 2nd among German universities in the overall ranking, 7th in [[humanities]] and [[social science]]s and 4th among German universities in the [[List of life sciences|life sciences]] and [[natural science]]s. The approvals were normalised to the size of the university. In a competitive selection process, the DFG selects the best research projects from researchers at universities and research institutes and finances them. The ranking is thus regarded as an indicator of the quality of research.<ref>{{citation|title=Förderatlas 2018|date=18 July 2018|editor-surname1=Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft|periodical=Forschungsberichte|edition=1|location=Weinheim|publisher=Wiley-VCH|language=de|isbn=978-3-527-34520-5}}</ref> In the [[Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities]] (NTU ranking) 2019, which measures the research outputs of universities, Heidelberg University is ranked 1st in Germany and 5th in Continental Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nturanking.lis.ntu.edu.tw/ranking/OverallRanking/|title=NTU ranking 2019|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920113921/http://nturanking.lis.ntu.edu.tw/ranking/OverallRanking/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the [[CWTS Leiden Ranking]] 2019 Heidelberg University is ranked 1st in Germany and 13th in Continental Europe over all sciences according to the scientific impact (number of publications in core journals). According to the indicator "Collaboration", Heidelberg University is 1st in Germany and 10th in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leidenranking.com/ranking/2019/list|title=CWTS Leiden Ranking 2019|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716021252/https://www.leidenranking.com/ranking/2019/list|url-status=live}}</ref> Ranked by the number of [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel Laureates]] affiliated with the university at the time of Nobel Prize announcement, Heidelberg was placed 1st in Germany, 4th in Europe and 13th in the world by 2013.<ref name="Nobel">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html|title=Nobel Prizes and Universities|access-date=16 May 2008|work=Nobel Foundation Homepage|archive-date=10 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410035330/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[University rankings#European Union|Third European Report on Science & Technology Indicators]] compiled by the [[European Commission]], Heidelberg ranked 4th nationally and 9th in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/indicators/docs/3rd_report_snaps10.pdf |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110709061451/ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/indicators/docs/3rd_report_snaps10.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2011 |title=CORDIS: Science and Technology Indicators: Snapshots |access-date=16 May 2008 |work=Third European Report on Science and Technology Indicators}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cordis.europa.eu/indicators/third_report.htm |title=CORDIS: Science and Technology Indicators: full version |access-date=16 May 2008 |work=Third European Report on Science and Technology Indicators |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607150202/http://cordis.europa.eu/indicators/third_report.htm |archive-date=7 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The German [[Bertelsmann Foundation|Center for Higher Education Development]] Excellence Ranking 2010, which measures academic performance of European graduate programs in biology, chemistry, economics, mathematics, physics, political sciences, and psychology, placed Heidelberg in the European excellence group for biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics, and psychology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.excellenceranking.org/eusid/EUSID|title=CHE ExcellenceRanking 2010|access-date=11 June 2010|format=PDF|work=Center for Higher Education Development Excellence Ranking|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622053638/http://www.excellenceranking.org/eusid/EUSID|archive-date=22 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Measured by the number of top managers in the German economy, Heidelberg University ranked 53rd in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.charly.education/presse/dax-karriere|title=An diesen Unis haben die DAX-Vorstände studiert {{!}} charly.education|website=www.charly.education|language=de|access-date=19 October 2019|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802092251/https://www.charly.education/presse/dax-karriere|url-status=live}}</ref> {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; font-size: 90%" |+ [[QS World University Rankings|QS]] World University Rankings by Subject 2024<ref name="QSSubject" /> ! Subject !! Global !! National |- ! {{Left|Arts & Humanities}} ! data-sort-value="72" | {{Fall|size=9}} =72 ! data-sort-value="4" | {{Same position|size=9}} 4 |- | Linguistics | data-sort-value="101–150" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 101–150}} | data-sort-value="6–11" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 6–11}} |- | Theology, Divinity and Religious Studies | data-sort-value="13" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 13}} | data-sort-value="2" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 2}} |- | Archaeology | data-sort-value="21" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 21}} | data-sort-value="4" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 4}} |- | Classics and Ancient History | data-sort-value="4" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 4}} | data-sort-value="1" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 1}} |- | English Language and Literature | data-sort-value="73" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 73}} | data-sort-value="4" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 4}} |- | History | data-sort-value="40" | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}} =40}} | data-sort-value="4" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 4}} |- | Modern Languages | data-sort-value="63" | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}} =63}} | data-sort-value="4" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 4}} |- | Philosophy | data-sort-value="51–100" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 51–100}} | data-sort-value="6–9" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 6–9}} |- ! {{Left|Engineering and Technology}} ! N/A ! N/A |- | Computer Science and Information Systems | data-sort-value="155" | {{Center|1={{Fall|size=9}} =155}} | data-sort-value="7" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 7}} |- ! {{Left|Life Sciences & Medicine}} ! data-sort-value="38" | {{Rise|size=9}} =38 ! data-sort-value="1" | {{Same position|size=9}} 1 |- | Biological Sciences | data-sort-value="27" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 27}} | data-sort-value="2" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 2}} |- | Medicine | data-sort-value="31" | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}} =31}} | data-sort-value="1" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 1}} |- | Nursing | data-sort-value="151–200" | {{Center|{{New entry|size=16}} 151–200}} | data-sort-value="1" | {{Center|{{New entry|size=16}} 1}} |- | Pharmacy and Pharmacology | data-sort-value="46" | {{Center|1={{Fall|size=9}} =46}} | data-sort-value="1" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 1}} |- | Psychology | data-sort-value="101–150" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 101–150}} | data-sort-value="4–7" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 4–7}} |- ! {{Left|Natural Sciences}} ! data-sort-value="50" | {{Fall|size=9}} 50 ! data-sort-value="4" | {{Fall|size=9}} 4 |- | Chemistry | data-sort-value="68" | {{Center|1={{Fall|size=9}} =68}} | data-sort-value="6" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 6}} |- | Earth and Marine Sciences | data-sort-value="101–150" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 101–150}} | data-sort-value="8–13" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 8–13}} |- | Environmental Sciences | data-sort-value="251–300" | {{Center|{{New entry|size=16}} 251–300}} | data-sort-value="15–18" | {{Center|{{New entry|size=16}} 15–18}} |- | Geography | data-sort-value="101–150" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 101–150}} | data-sort-value="3–6" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 3–6}} |- | Geology | data-sort-value="101–150" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 101–150}} | data-sort-value="7–13" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 7–13}} |- | Geophysics | data-sort-value="51–100" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 51–100}} | data-sort-value="1–7" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 1–7}} |- | Materials Sciences | data-sort-value="201–250" | {{Center|{{New entry|size=16}} 201–250}} | data-sort-value="10–11" | {{Center|{{New entry|size=16}} 10–11}} |- | Mathematics | data-sort-value="143" | {{Center|1={{Fall|size=9}} =143}} | data-sort-value="8" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 8}} |- | Physics and Astronomy | data-sort-value="31" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 31}} | data-sort-value="2" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 2}} |- ! {{Left|Social Sciences & Management}} ! data-sort-value="210" | {{Fall|size=9}} =210 ! data-sort-value="7–8" | {{Same position|size=9}} 7–8 |- | Accounting and Finance | data-sort-value="251–300" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 251–300}} | data-sort-value="10" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 10}} |- | Anthropology | data-sort-value="51–100" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 51–100}} | data-sort-value="2–5" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 2–5}} |- | Economics and Econometrics | data-sort-value="151–200" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 151–200}} | data-sort-value="6–9" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 6–9}} |- | Education and Training | data-sort-value="151–200" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 151–200}} | data-sort-value="5–8" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 5–8}} |- | Law and Legal Studies | data-sort-value="62" | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}} =62}} | data-sort-value="3" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 3}} |- | Politics | data-sort-value="101–150" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 101–150}} | data-sort-value="5–6" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 5–6}} |- | Sociology | data-sort-value="101–150" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 101–150}} | data-sort-value="5–8" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 5–8}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; font-size: 90%" |+ [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|THE]] World University Rankings by Subject 2024<ref name="THESubject" /> ! Subject !! Global !! National |- | Arts & humanities | data-sort-value="37" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 37}} | data-sort-value="5" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 5}} |- | Clinical & health | data-sort-value="35" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 35}} | data-sort-value="2" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 2}} |- | Life sciences | data-sort-value="32" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 32}} | data-sort-value="1" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 1}} |- | Physical sciences | data-sort-value="42" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 42}} | data-sort-value="4" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 4}} |- | Psychology | data-sort-value="73" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 73}} | data-sort-value="4" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 4}} |- |} {{col-break|gap=0.5em}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; font-size: 90%" |+ [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|ARWU]] Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2023<ref name="ARWUSubject" /> ! Subject !! Global !! National |- ! colspan="3" | Natural Sciences |- | Mathematics | data-sort-value="201–300" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 201–300}} | data-sort-value="14–20" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 14–20}} |- | Physics | data-sort-value="45" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 45}} | data-sort-value="2" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 2}} |- | Chemistry | data-sort-value="201–300" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 201–300}} | data-sort-value="13–21" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 13–21}} |- | Earth Sciences | data-sort-value="101–150" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 101–150}} | data-sort-value="5–10" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 5–10}} |- | Geography | data-sort-value="151–200" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 151–200}} | data-sort-value="5–9" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 5–9}} |- | Atmospheric Science | data-sort-value="201–300" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 201–300}} | data-sort-value="13–22" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 13–22}} |- ! colspan="3" | Engineering |- | Biomedical Engineering | data-sort-value="151–200" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 151–200}} | data-sort-value="6–10" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 6–10}} |- | Computer Science & Engineering | data-sort-value="201–300" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 201–300}} | data-sort-value="4–7" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 4–7}} |- | Materials Science & Engineering | data-sort-value="301–400" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 301–400}} | data-sort-value="14–18" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 14–18}} |- | Nanoscience & Nanotechnology | data-sort-value="201–300" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 201–300}} | data-sort-value="8–12" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 8–12}} |- | Biotechnology | data-sort-value="101–150" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 101–150}} | data-sort-value="2–7" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 2–7}} |- ! colspan="3" | Life Sciences |- | Biological Sciences | data-sort-value="43" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 43}} | data-sort-value="1" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 1}} |- | Human Biological Sciences | data-sort-value="46" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 46}} | data-sort-value="4" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 4}} |- ! colspan="3" | Medical Sciences |- | Clinical Medicine | data-sort-value="18" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 18}} | data-sort-value="1" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 1}} |- | Public Health | data-sort-value="51–75" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 51–75}} | data-sort-value="3" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 3}} |- | Dentistry & Oral Sciences | data-sort-value="76–100" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 76–100}} | data-sort-value="3–7" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 3–7}} |- | Medical Technology | data-sort-value="11" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 11}} | data-sort-value="2" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 2}} |- | Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences | data-sort-value="35" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 35}} | data-sort-value="2" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 2}} |- ! colspan="3" | Social Sciences |- | Economics | data-sort-value="201–300" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 201–300}} | data-sort-value="9–13" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 9–13}} |- | Statistics | data-sort-value="101–150" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 101–150}} | data-sort-value="2–6" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 2–6}} |- | Political Sciences | data-sort-value="201–300" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 201–300}} | data-sort-value="12–18" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 12–18}} |- | Sociology | data-sort-value="151–200" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 151–200}} | data-sort-value="9–11" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 9–11}} |- | Education | data-sort-value="301–400" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 301–400}} | data-sort-value="6–18" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 6–18}} |- | Psychology | data-sort-value="76–100" | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}} 76–100}} | data-sort-value="5–6" | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}} 5–6}} |- | Public Administration | data-sort-value="151–200" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 151–200}} | data-sort-value="7–11" | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}} 7–11}} |- |} {{col-end}} ===Organisation and length of courses=== The academic year is divided into two [[semester]]s. The winter semester runs from 1 October to 31 March and the summer semester from 1 April to 30 September. Classes are held from mid-October to mid-February and mid-April to mid-July. Students can generally begin their studies either in the winter or the summer semester. However, there are several subjects students can begin only in the winter semester. The standard time required to finish a [[Bachelor's degree]] is principally six semesters, and a further four semesters for consecutive [[Master's degrees]]. The normal duration of PhD programmes for full-time students is 6 semesters. The overall period of study for an undergraduate degree is divided into two parts: a period of basic study, lasting at least four semesters, at the end of which students must sit a formal [[Test (assessment)|examination]], and a period of advanced study, lasting at least two semesters, after which students take their final examinations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/courses/prospective/admission_int/application_international.html |title=Application and Matriculation for International Students |access-date=26 September 2010 |publisher=Heidelberg University |archive-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923062412/http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/courses/prospective/admission_int/application_international.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Admission=== In the winter-semester 2006/2007, the university offered 3,926 places in undergraduate programs restricted by [[numerus clausus]], with an overall acceptance rate of 16.3%.<ref name=press1>{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/presse/news06/2608stud.html|title=Universität Heidelberg – Pressemitteilungen 1|access-date=16 May 2008|work=Heidelberg University Homepage|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701070649/http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/presse/news06/2608stud.html|archive-date=1 July 2007}}</ref> Most selective are the undergraduate programs in clinical medicine, molecular biotechnology, political science, and law, with acceptance rates of 3.6%,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zvs.de/Service/Download/Bew_Medizin_WS2006.pdf|title=Angebot- und Nachfrage nach Studienplätzen in bundesweit zulassungsbeschränkten Studiengängen zum Wintersemester 2006/2007 – Studiengang Medizin|access-date=16 May 2008 |work=ZVS Homepage |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080408213549/http://www.zvs.de/Service/Download/Bew_Medizin_WS2006.pdf |archive-date = 8 April 2008}}</ref> 3.8%,<ref name="press1"/> 7.6%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rzuser.uni-hd.de/~it5/presse/news04/ausw.html|title=Universität Heidelberg – Pressemitteilungen 2|access-date=16 May 2008|work=Heidelberg University Homepage}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and 9.1%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rzuser.uni-hd.de/~it5/presse/news04/2409ausw.html|title=Universität Heidelberg – Pressemitteilungen 3|access-date=16 May 2008|work=Heidelberg University Homepage|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719103555/http://www.rzuser.uni-hd.de/~it5/presse/news04/2409ausw.html|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> respectively. The selection is exercised by allocating the best qualified applicants to a given number of places available in the respective discipline, thus depending primarily on the chosen subjects and the grade point average of the [[Abitur]] or its equivalent. For some majors and minors in humanities—particularly for conceptually non-vocational like classics and ancient history—unrestricted admission is granted under certain criteria (e.g., relevant language proficiency), as applications regularly do not exceed the number of places available. [[File:Codex Manesse 271r Von Buchheim.jpg|left|thumb|upright|The University Library's collection includes the [[Codex Manesse]], an important German song manuscript of the Middle Ages.]] For prospective international undergraduate students, a language test for German—such as the [[Deutsche Sprachprüfung für den Hochschulzugang|DSH]]—is required. Admission to consecutive Master's programs always requires at least an undergraduate degree equivalent to the German grade "good" (i.e., normally B+ in American, or 2:1 in British terms). Except for the Master's programs taught in English, a language test for German must be passed as well. PhD admission prerequisite is normally a strong Master's-level degree, but specific admission procedures vary and cannot be generalized.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Graduiertenakademie – Universität Heidelberg|url=https://www.graduateacademy.uni-heidelberg.de/|access-date=11 February 2023|website=www.graduateacademy.uni-heidelberg.de|archive-date=11 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211115644/https://www.graduateacademy.uni-heidelberg.de/|url-status=live}}</ref> International applicants usually make up considerably more than 20% of the applicant pool and are considered individually by the merits achieved in their respective country of origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/press/news/press321_e.html|title=Heidelberg University – Press Releases|access-date=16 May 2008|work=Heidelberg University Homepage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192058/http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/press/news/press321_e.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Finances=== The German state heavily subsidizes university study to keep higher education affordable regardless of socio-economic background.<ref>As a benchmark: The state must pay approximately €33,000 (=$48,500) per year for each medical student. See {{cite web |url=http://www.unifr.ch/ztd/ems/berichte/b2/testergebnisse.htm |title=Testergebnisse versus Schulnoten als Auswahlkriterien: Paternoster-Effekt, Filter-Effekt, Kosten-Nutzen-Effekte und Auswirkungen auf die Fairneß der Zulassung |access-date=16 May 2008 |work=University of Fribourg Homepage |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420205701/http://www.unifr.ch/ztd/ems/berichte/b2/testergebnisse.htm |archive-date=20 April 2008 }}</ref> From 2007 to 2012, Heidelberg has charged tuition fees of approximately €1,200 p.a. for undergraduate, consecutive Master's, and doctoral programs, for both EU and non-EU citizens, and for any subject area. However, from spring term 2012 onwards, tuition fees have been abolished.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mwk.baden-wuerttemberg.de/studiengebuehren/|title=''Studiengebühren'' (Tuition)|access-date=16 May 2008|work=Baden Württemberg Ministry for Education and Research website|archive-date=2 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902103201/http://www.mwk.baden-wuerttemberg.de/studiengebuehren/|url-status=live}}</ref> The usual housing costs for on-campus dormitories range from €2,200 to €3,000 p.a.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zuv.uni-heidelbereng.de/AAA/erasmus//info_erasmus_incoming_ankunft_wohn.htm/|title=Information for incoming Erasmus Students|access-date=16 May 2008|work=Heidelberg University Homepage}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the fiscal year 2005, Heidelberg University had an overall [[operating budget]] of approximately €856 M, consisting of approximately €413 M government funds, approximately €311 M basic budget, and approximately €132 M from external grants. The university spent approximately €529 M in payroll costs and approximately €326 M in other expenditures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-ec.destatis.de/csp/shop/sfg/bpm.html.cms.cBroker.cls?cmspath=struktur,vollanzeige.csp&ID=1020857|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110812210956/https://www-ec.destatis.de/csp/shop/sfg/bpm.html.cms.cBroker.cls?cmspath=struktur,vollanzeige.csp&ID=1020857|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2011|title=Desastis – Statistiken und Kennzahlen zur Hochschulfinanzierung|access-date=16 May 2008|work=Statistisches Bundesamt Homepage}}</ref> Additionally, the university receives another €150 M in research grants, distributed over 5 years from 2012 onwards, due to the [[German Universities Excellence Initiative]]. In the fiscal year 2007, the university for the first time raised approximately €19 M through tuition fees, exclusively to further improve the conditions of study. Only approximately €9.5 M of these were spent at the end of the year and the rectorate had to urge the faculties to make use of their additional means.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suedwest-aktiv.de/landundwelt/suedwestumschau/3462341/artikel.php|title=Fachbereiche horten Millionen|access-date=16 May 2008|format=php|work=Südwestumschau online|archive-date=14 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214043736/http://www.suedwest-aktiv.de/landundwelt/suedwestumschau/3462341/artikel.php|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Research=== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Haus Buhl.jpg|thumb|right|The Center for Advanced Study Marsilius Kolleg, situated in House Buhl, was founded in 2007.]] --> Among historical scientific achievements of Heidelberg researchers features prominently the invention of [[spectroscopy]],<ref name=chem>{{cite web |url=http://www.chemgeo.uni-hd.de/DC/hist.html|title=History of Chemistry at Heidelberg|access-date=28 May 2008 |publisher=Heidelberg University Homepage|date=28 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504035437/http://www.chemgeo.uni-hd.de/DC/hist.html |archive-date=4 May 2008}}</ref> and of the [[Bunsen burner]];<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/HS/Journal/Issues/2005/Apr/clicSubscriber/V82N04/p518.pdf |title=The Origin of the Bunsen Burner |access-date=28 May 2008 |author=William B. Jensen |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=518 |date=April 2005 |doi=10.1021/ed082p518 |bibcode=2005JChEd..82..518J |archive-date=9 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109034256/http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/HS/Journal/Issues/2005/Apr/clicSubscriber/V82N04/p518.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> the discovery of chemical elements [[Caesium]] and [[Rubidium]];<ref name="chem" /> the identification of the [[boiling|absolute point of ebullition]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/374765/Dmitry-Ivanovich-Mendeleyev/250031/Other-scientific-achievements |title=Scientific achievements of Mendeleyev |access-date=28 May 2008 |publisher=Britannica online |date=28 May 2008 |archive-date=7 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507013245/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/374765/Dmitry-Ivanovich-Mendeleyev/250031/Other-scientific-achievements |url-status=live }}</ref> and the identification and isolation of [[nicotine]] as the main [[pharmacological]]ly active component of tobacco.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/presse/ruca/ruca03-2/ritu.html|title=Rituals of smoking|access-date=28 May 2008|publisher=Heidelberg University Homepage|date=28 May 2008|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911002625/https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/presse/ruca/ruca03-2/ritu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Modern scientific [[psychiatry]]; [[psychopharmacology]]; psychiatric [[genetics]];<ref name="Burgmair 2000–2008"/> environmental [[physics]];<ref name="Physics" /> and modern sociology<ref name="Google Books, p.24" /> were introduced as scientific disciplines by Heidelberg faculty. Almost 800 [[dwarf planets]], the [[North America Nebula]], and the return of [[Halley's Comet]] have been discovered and documented at institutes of the [[Heidelberg University Faculty of Physics and Astronomy#Center for Astronomy|Heidelberg Center for Astronomy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lsw.uni-heidelberg.de/users/mdarr/history.html|title=History of the Center of Astronomy|access-date=28 May 2008|publisher=Heidelberg University Homepage|date=28 May 2008|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123925/http://www.lsw.uni-heidelberg.de/users/mdarr/history.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Moreover, Heidelberg researchers invented the process of [[plastination]] to preserve [[body tissue]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bodyworlds.com/de/plastination/idee_plastination.html |title=Die Idee der Plastination |access-date=28 May 2008 |publisher=Bodyworlds |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709041557/http://www.bodyworlds.com/de/plastination/idee_plastination.html |archive-date=9 July 2008 }}</ref> conducted the first successful transplantation of [[hematopoietic stem cells]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/presse/news05/2511zwei.html |title=200 years medical history at Heidelberg University |access-date=5 June 2008 |publisher=Heidelberg University Homepage |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701082756/http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/presse/news05/2511zwei.html |archive-date=1 July 2007 }}</ref> and recently developed a new strategy for a [[vaccination]] against certain forms of cancer, which earned [[Harald zur Hausen]] of the university the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idw-online.de/pages/de/news261232|title=News|access-date=28 May 2008|publisher=Informationsdienst Wissenschaften|archive-date=1 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101224950/http://idw-online.de/pages/de/news261232|url-status=live}}</ref> Today, the university puts an emphasis on natural sciences and medicine, but it retains its traditions with highly ranked faculties of humanities and social sciences. The ''Marsilius Kolleg'', named after [[Marsilius of Inghen]], was established in 2007 as a Center for Advanced Study to promote interdisciplinary dialogue and research especially between the sciences and the humanities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marsilius-kolleg.uni-heidelberg.de/index_en.html|title=Marsilius Kolleg|access-date=16 May 2008|work=Marsilius Kolleg Homepage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323031942/http://www.marsilius-kolleg.uni-heidelberg.de/index_en.html|archive-date=23 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other institutes such as the ''[[Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing]]'', the ''Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences'', the ''[[Heidelberg Center for American Studies]]'', and the ''[[South Asia Institute, Heidelberg University|South Asia Institute]]'' also build a bridge between faculties and thus emphasize the concept of a comprehensive university. Noted regular publications of the [[Heidelberg University Faculty of Physics and Astronomy#Center for Astronomy|Center for Astronomy]] include the [[Gliese catalogue of nearby stars]], the fundamental catalogues [[Fifth Fundamental Catalogue|FK5]] and [[Sixth Fundamental Catalogue|FK6]] and the annual published [[Apparent places]], a high precision catalog with pre-calculated positions for over 3,000 stars for each day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/aktuelles/publikationen.php.en|title=Center for Astronomy – Publications|access-date=16 May 2008|publisher=Heidelberg University Homepage|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513184310/http://www.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/aktuelles/publikationen.php.en|archive-date=13 May 2008}}</ref> The [[Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research]] publishes the annual [[Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research#General|Conflict Barometer]], which describes the recent trends in global conflict developments, escalations, de-escalations, and settlements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hiik.de/en/konfliktbarometer/index.html |title=Conflict Barometer|access-date=17 May 2008|publisher=Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513074927/http://www.hiik.de/en/konfliktbarometer/index.html|archive-date=13 May 2008}}</ref> Regular publications by the [[Max Planck Institute for International Law]] include the ''[[Heidelberg Journal of International Law]]'', the ''Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law''; the ''[[Journal of the History of International Law]]''; the ''[[Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law]]''; and the semi-annual bibliography ''Public International Law''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mpil.de/ww/en/pub/research/profile/publ.cfm|title=Publications of the Institute |access-date=17 May 2008|format=cfm |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law Homepage|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402022043/http://www.mpil.de/ww/en/pub/research/profile/publ.cfm|archive-date=2 April 2008}}</ref> The [[Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft|German Research Foundation]] (DFG) currently funds twelve long-term [[Collaborative Research Centers]] (SFB) with a duration of up to 12 years at Heidelberg,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dfg.de/en/research_funding/coordinated_programmes/collaborative_research_centres/lists/index.html |title=DFG – Lists of Collaborative Research Centers |access-date=16 May 2008 |publisher=German Research Foundation Homepage |archive-date=7 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507212213/http://www.dfg.de/en/research_funding/coordinated_programmes/collaborative_research_centres/lists/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> four Priority Programs (SPP) with a duration of six years, two Research Units (FOR) with a duration of up to six years, as well as numerous individual projects at the university's faculties and institutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dfg.de/en/research_funding/coordinated_programmes/index.html |title=DFG: Funded projects |access-date=16 May 2008 |publisher=German Research Foundation Homepage |archive-date=14 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614045543/http://www.dfg.de/en/research_funding/coordinated_programmes/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of the [[German Universities Excellence Initiative]], two Clusters of Excellence are funded with €6.5 M each—"''Cellular Networks: From Molecular Mechanisms to Quantitative Understanding of Complex Functions''",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dfg.de/foerderung/programme/listen/projektdetails/index.jsp?id=24122740 |title=Exzellenzcluster 81 Cellular Networks: From Analysis of Molecular Mechanisms to a Quantitative Understanding of Complex Functions |publisher=DFG – Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft |access-date=2 October 2010 |archive-date=25 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525161930/http://www.dfg.de/foerderung/programme/listen/projektdetails/index.jsp?id=24122740 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Cluster of Excellence "Asia and Europe in a Global Context"|"Asia and Europe in a Global Context"]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vjc.uni-hd.de/|title=Cluster of Excellence – Asia and Europe|access-date=16 May 2008|publisher=Heidelberg University|archive-date=17 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717170329/http://www.vjc.uni-hd.de/|url-status=live}}</ref> ===International cooperations=== Heidelberg is a founding member of the [[League of European Research Universities]], the [[Coimbra Group]], and the [[European University Association]]. The university forms part of the German-Japanese University Consortium HeKKSaGOn, and it participates in 7 European exchange schemes for researchers and students, such as [[ERASMUS programme|ERASMUS]]. Furthermore, it is actively involved in the development of the German-speaking [[Andrássy Gyula German Language University of Budapest|Andrássy University of Budapest]], and co-runs the school of German law at the [[Jagiellonian University|Jagiellonian University of Kraków]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/international/|title=International cooperations|access-date=16 May 2008|work=Heidelberg University Homepage|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918222910/http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/international/|url-status=live}}</ref> The city of Heidelberg being twinned with [[Cambridge|Cambridge, England]], and [[Montpellier|Montpellier, France]], there are close academic ties to the [[University of Cambridge]] and the [[Université de Montpellier]]. Beyond Europe, the university and its faculties maintain specific agreements with 58 partner universities in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australia and the [[Russian Federation]]. In total, the Higher Education Compass of the German Rector's Conference lists staff and student exchange agreements as well as research cooperations with 236 universities worldwide. Some of the most notable partner universities include [[Cornell University]], [[Duke University]], [[Georgetown University]], [[Harvard University]], [[Sciences Po|Paris Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po)]], [[Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne University|Pantheon Sorbonne University]], [[University of Cambridge]], [[University of Oxford]], [[Tsinghua University]], and [[Yale University]].<ref>See {{cite web|url=http://81.169.169.236/kompass/xml/index_koop_en.htm|title=The Higher Education Compass – International Cooperations|access-date=16 May 2008|work=German Rectors Conference Homepage|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331095043/http://81.169.169.236/kompass/xml/index_koop_en.htm|archive-date=31 March 2008}}</ref>
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