Editing Haile Selassie (section)

=== Attempted coup and era of decolonization ===<!--several paragraphs without references-->
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Selassie contributed Ethiopian troops to the [[United Nations Operation in the Congo]] peacekeeping force during the 1960 [[Congo Crisis]], per [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 143]]. 

On 13 December 1960, while Selassie was on a state visit to Brazil, the [[Kebur Zabagna|imperial guard]] staged [[1960 Ethiopian coup|an unsuccessful coup]], briefly proclaiming Selassie's elder son, [[Amha Selassie|Asfa Wossen]], as emperor. The regular army and police forces crushed the coup d'état. The coup plotters lacked broad popular support, were denounced by the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church]], and was unpopular with the military and police. Nonetheless, the effort had support among students and the educated classes.<ref name="zewde">Zewde, Bahru (2001), ''A History of Modern Ethiopia''. Oxford: James Currey. {{ISBN|0-85255-786-8}}, pp. 220–226.</ref> The attempt has been characterised as a pivotal moment in Ethiopian history, the point at which Ethiopians "for the first time questioned the power of the king to rule without the people's consent".<ref name="mammo100">{{cite book|last=Mammo|first=Tirfe|year=1999|title=The Paradox of Africa's Poverty: The Role of Indigenous Knowledge|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=1-56902-049-3|page=100}}</ref> Student populations began to empathise with the peasantry and poor and advocate on their behalf.<ref name="mammo100" /> The coup spurred Selassie to accelerate reform, manifested as land grants to military and police officials and political groups.<ref>Keller, ''Revolutionary Ethiopia'', p. 133</ref>

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Selassie continued to be a staunch ally of the West, while pursuing a firm policy of [[decolonisation]] in Africa, which was still largely under European colonial rule. The United Nations conducted a lengthy inquiry regarding Eritrea's status, with the superpowers each vying for a stake in the state's future. Britain, the administrator at the time, suggested Eritrea's partition between Sudan and Ethiopia, separating Christians and Muslims. The idea was instantly rejected by Eritrean political parties, as well as the UN.<ref>{{Cite news|title=HRW Report|page=355|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/e0uspol.pdf|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033415/https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/e0uspol.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Henze, ''Layers of Time'', p. 258</ref>

==== Eritrean annexation and uprising ====

A UN plebiscite voted to have Eritrea [[federation|federated]] with Ethiopia, later stipulated on 2 December 1950 in resolution 390 (V). Eritrea would have its own parliament and administration and would be represented in what had been the Ethiopian parliament and would become the federal parliament.<ref name="UN_GA_res-5">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/5/ares5.htm|title=General Assembly Resolutions 5th Session|publisher=United Nations|access-date=16 October 2007|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525180549/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/5/ares5.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Selassie rejected European attempts to draft a separate constitution under which Eritrea would be governed, and wanted his own 1955 constitution protecting families to apply in both Ethiopia and Eritrea. In 1961 the 30-year [[Eritrean War for Independence]] began, followed by the dissolution of the federation and shutting down of Eritrea's parliament.<ref>Hickman Cutter, Charles (2001). ''Africa, 2001''. Stryker-Post Publications. p. 177. {{ISBN|978-1-887985-31-4}}. <q> When Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country in 1962...</q></ref><ref>Gebremedhin, Tesfa G. (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=t-6aHSOI_ukC&pg=PA4 Women, Tradition and Development: A Case Study of Eritrea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033418/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Women_Tradition_and_Development/t-6aHSOI_ukC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA4&printsec=frontcover |date=6 July 2024 }}''. Red Sea Press. pp. 4–5. {{ISBN|978-1-56902-153-8}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230918085135/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-6aHSOI_ukC&pg=PA4 Archived] from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref>

[[File:Selassie and Nasser, 1963.jpg|thumb|With Egyptian president [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] in Addis Abeba for the [[Organisation of African Unity]] summit, 1963]]

In September 1961, Selassie attended the [[1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement]] in [[Belgrade]], [[FPR Yugoslavia]]. This is considered to be the founding conference of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref>James Mark; Yakov Feygin (2020). "The Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and Alternative Vision of a Global Economy 1950s–1980s". In James Mark; Artemy M. Kalinovsky; Steffi Margus (eds.). ''Alternative Globalizations: Eastern Europe and the Postcolonial World''. [[Indiana University Press]]. pp. 35–58. {{ISBN|978-0-253-04650-5}}.</ref>

In 1961, tensions between independence-minded Eritreans and Ethiopian forces culminated in the [[Eritrean War of Independence]]. Eritrea's elected parliament voted to become the fourteenth province of Ethiopia in 1962.<ref>Haile, Semere (1987), "The Origins and Demise of the Ethiopia-Eritrea Federation", ''Issue: A Journal of Opinion'', 15, pp. 9–17.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ayele|first1=Negussay|title=In Search of the Historical DNA of the Eritrean Problem: Review Article on the Eritrean Affair (1941–1963) by Ambassador Zewde Retta|url=http://www.ethiopians.com/NA_Review_EritreanAffair_ZR.htm|website=Ethiopians.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102051224/http://www.ethiopians.com/NA_Review_EritreanAffair_ZR.htm|access-date=26 July 2022|archive-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> The war would continue for 30 years; first Selassie, then the Soviet-backed junta that succeeded him, attempted to retain Eritrea by force.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia-Eritrea: A Troubled Relationship|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/eritrea/overview.htm?noredirect=on|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025108/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/eritrea/overview.htm?noredirect=on|archive-date=26 March 2023|access-date=6 June 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

{{Wikisource|Haile Selassie's address to the United Nations, 1963}}

In 1963, Selassie presided over the formation of the [[Organisation of African Unity]] (OAU), the precursor of the continent-wide [[African Union]] (AU). The new organisation would establish its headquarters in [[Addis Ababa]]. In May of that year, Selassie was elected as the OAU's first official chairperson, a rotating seat. Along with [[Modibo Keïta]] of Mali, the Ethiopian leader would later help successfully negotiate the Bamako Accords, which brought an end to the border conflict between Morocco and Algeria. In 1964, Selassie would initiate the concept of the [[United States of Africa]], a proposition later taken up by [[Muammar Gaddafi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 October 2015|title=The Last Emperor – The Fall of Haile Selassie|url=https://adst.org/2015/10/the-last-emperor-the-fall-of-haile-selassie/|website=ADST|access-date=26 February 2024|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033928/https://adst.org/2015/10/the-last-emperor-the-fall-of-haile-selassie/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jimmatimes.com/article/Latest_News/Latest_News/Ethiopia_New_African_un1on_Building_and_Kwame_Statue_Video/34060|title=Ethiopia: New African Union Building and Kwame Statue|format=Video|access-date=24 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615065602/http://jimmatimes.com/article/Latest_News/Latest_News/Ethiopia_New_African_un1on_Building_and_Kwame_Statue_Video/34060|archive-date=15 June 2012}}. ''Jimma Times''. 29 January 2012</ref>

In 1963, a [[Bale revolt|revolt in Bale]] occurred, where peasant rioters whom were discouraged by the Ethiopian taxation headed by Prime Minister [[Aklilu Habte-Wold]] later turned into an insurgency.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nicolas|first1=Gildas|year=1972|title=Protest in Ethiopia|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/18d681jd#page-15|url-status=live|journal=Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies|publisher=UCLA|volume=2|issue=3|page=55|doi=10.5070/F723016603|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226121243/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/18d681jd#page-15|archive-date=26 December 2014|access-date=26 December 2014|doi-access=free}}</ref> This caused a semi-civil war with [[terrorist]] activities carried out by rebels supported by [[Western Somali Liberation Front|Somalia]] which later forced the Ethiopian government to declare a [[state of emergency]].<ref name="De Waal-1991">{{Cite book|last=De Waal|first=Alexander|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24504262|title=Evil days : thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia.|date=1991|publisher=Human Rights Watch|others=Human Rights Watch|isbn=1-56432-038-3|location=New York|pages=66–68|oclc=24504262|access-date=17 March 2024|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607061136/https://www.worldcat.org/title/evil-days-thirty-years-of-war-and-famine-in-ethiopia/oclc/24504262|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Beken|first=Christophe van der|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769473477|title=Unity in diversity : federalism as a mechanism to accommodate ethnic diversity : the case of Ethiopia|date=2012|publisher=LIT|isbn=978-3-643-90172-9|location=Berlin|pages=75–76|oclc=769473477|access-date=17 March 2024|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033929/https://search.worldcat.org/title/769473477|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="American Affairs">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.07200|title=American Affairs, Vol. 82, Issue no. January, April, July, October|page=516}}</ref> The Emperor's armed forces led by [[Government of the Ethiopian Empire|Prime Minister Aklilu's cabinet]] with the support of the United Kingdom and the United States were able to end the revolt after over six years of insurgency. This assured weakened diplomatic ties with Siad Barre's Somalia.<ref name="De Waal-1991"/><ref name="American Affairs"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|url=http://archive.org/details/ethiopiabradttra0000brig_l3i9|title=Ethiopia : the Bradt travel guide|date=2015|publisher=Chalfont St. Peter : Bradt Travel Guides; Guilford, Connecticut : Globe Pequot Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-84162-922-3|page=487}}</ref>

==== Reform efforts and relations with the West ====

On 4 October 1963, Selassie addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations.<ref>Brewer, Sam Pope (5 October 1963), [https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/05/archives/selassie-at-un-recalls-1936-plea-to-league-says-equality-of-all-is.html Selassie, at U.N., Recalls 1936 Plea to League] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722190426/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/05/archives/selassie-at-un-recalls-1936-plea-to-league-says-equality-of-all-is.html |date=22 July 2018 }}, ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.unmultimedia.org/s/photo/detail/844/0084497.html|work=Emperor of Ethiopia Addresses General Assembly|title=Photo # 84497|publisher=United Nations|place=New York|date=4 October 1963|access-date=30 August 2013|archive-date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108145709/http://www.unmultimedia.org/s/photo/detail/844/0084497.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[s:Selassie's Address to the United Nations|Haile Selassie's Address to the United Nations]].</ref>

[[File:Haile-Selassie attending JFK's funeral.jpg|thumb|220x220px|At the [[state funeral of John F. Kennedy]], 25 November 1963|left]]

On 25 November 1963, the Emperor traveled to Washington, D.C., and attended the [[State funeral of John F. Kennedy|state funeral of assassinated U.S. president John F. Kennedy]]. He was the only African head of state to attend the funeral.<ref name="Wamu 88.5">{{cite web|last1=Schwartz|first1=Matthew S.|title=Why is There Such a Large Ethiopian Population in the Washington Region?|url=https://wamu.org/story/16/04/21/how_did_the_dc_region_become_home_to_the_largest_population_of_ethiopians_in_the_us/|website=Wamu 88.5 American University Radio|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-date=24 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324055728/https://wamu.org/story/16/04/21/how_did_the_dc_region_become_home_to_the_largest_population_of_ethiopians_in_the_us/|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, he was the only one of the three prominent world leaders that would have another meeting with the new president, [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], in Washington during his presidency; he met Johnson again during an informal visit to the United States in 1967.<ref name="LBJHeadsOfState">{{cite web|url=https://www.lbjlibrary.org/life-and-legacy/lbjs-administration/head-of-state-visits|title=Head of State Visits|access-date=8 November 2022|work=LBJ Presidential Library|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033929/https://www.lbjlibrary.org/life-and-legacy/lbjs-administration/head-of-state-visits|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Johnson and Haile Selassie Confer|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 February 1967|page=2|agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Johnson Hails Selassie As an Ignored Prophet|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=14 February 1967|page=2}}</ref>

[[File:His and Her Majesties together viewing Haile Selassie I stadium in Addis Ababa.png|thumb|Selassie with Queen [[Elizabeth II]] in Addis Ababa on her 1965 state visit to Ethiopia]]

In 1966, Selassie attempted to replace the historical tax system with a single progressive income tax, which would weaken the nobility who had avoided paying most of their taxes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schwab|first1=Peter|title=The Tax System of Ethiopia|journal=The American Journal of Economics and Sociology|date=January 1970|volume=29|issue=1|pages=77–88|jstor=3485226|doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1970.tb03120.x}}</ref> This law led to a revolt in Gojjam, which was repressed although enforcement of the tax was abandoned. Having achieved its design in undermining the tax, the revolt encouraged other landowners to defy Selassie.<ref>Zahru Zewde, ''A History of Modern Ethiopia'', second edition (London: James Currey, 2001), pp. 216ff, and Gebru Tareke, ''Ethiopia'', pp. 160–193.</ref> In October that year, Selassie had a four-day visit to the Kingdom of Jordan hosted by [[King Hussein]]. During this trip, Selassie visited Jerusalem and the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jordan: Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia Arrives in Amman to Start Official Visit|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/|access-date=15 September 2023|website=British Pathé|language=en-GB|archive-date=28 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228134836/https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Emperor Haile Selassie I with President LBJ.jpg|thumb|During a visit to Washington, D.C. with President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], 1967]]
While he had assured Ethiopia's participation in UN-approved collective security operations, including Korea and Congo, Selassie drew a distinction between it and the intervention in [[Indochina]], deploring it as needless suffering and calling for the [[Vietnam War]] to end. At the same time, he remained open toward the United States, commending it for making progress with African Americans' Civil Rights legislation in the 1950s and 1960s and visiting the US several times during these years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 April 1965|title=The War in Vietnam|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp67b00446r000300150023-8|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=23 March 2024|archive-date=23 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323174509/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp67b00446r000300150023-8|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Metaferia|first=Getachew|date=1995|title=The Ethiopian Connection to the Pan-African Movement|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45197577|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|volume=12|issue=2|pages=300–325|jstor=45197577|access-date=23 March 2024|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120171147/https://www.jstor.org/stable/45197577|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Brewer|first=Sam Pope|date=17 February 1967|title=Ethiopia Willing to be Mediator; Haile Selassie Says Here He Would Lead Peace Effort|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/17/archives/ethiopia-willing-to-be-mediator-haile-selassie-says-here-he-would.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=24 March 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324170517/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/17/archives/ethiopia-willing-to-be-mediator-haile-selassie-says-here-he-would.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1967, he visited [[Montréal]], Canada, to open the Ethiopian Pavilion at the [[Expo '67]] World's Fair where he received great acclaim among other World leaders there for the occasion.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20120314130919/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/expo/05330204_e.html Special Guests]". ''Expo 67: Man and His World''. Ottawa: [[Library and Archives Canada]]. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|date=14 April 1967|title=Canada: Strength for the Centennial|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,836954,00.html|magazine=[[TIME]]|access-date=24 March 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324170517/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,836954,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Coyle|first=Jim|date=6 May 2017|title=Canada 150: When the impossible dream came true at Expo 67|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/canada-150-when-the-impossible-dream-came-true-at-expo-67/article_44ff5067-c4f4-529e-98c5-a2a728f1c40e.html|work=[[Toronto Star]]|access-date=24 March 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324170518/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/canada-150-when-the-impossible-dream-came-true-at-expo-67/article_44ff5067-c4f4-529e-98c5-a2a728f1c40e.html|url-status=live}}</ref>