Editing Groningen (section)

===Cycling and walking===
[[File:Herestraat Groningen.JPG|thumb|''Herestraat'', the main shopping street (2004)]]
Groningen is known as the "World Cycling City"; around 57% of its residents use a bicycle for regular commute within the city.<ref name="G2013">{{cite book |author=Pooley, Colin G |title=Promoting Walking and Cycling: New Perspectives on Sustainable Travel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWamAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71 |date=21 August 2013 |publisher=Policy Press |isbn=978-1-4473-1010-5 |page=71}}</ref> In 2000, Groningen was chosen as the ''Fietsstad 2002'', the top cycle-city in the Netherlands for 2002.<ref name="Tolley2003">{{cite book |author=R Tolley |title=Sustainable Transport |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbmkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA522 |date=29 August 2003 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-85573-861-4 |page=522}}</ref> Similar to most [[Cycling in the Netherlands|Dutch cities]], Groningen has developed to accommodate a large number of cyclists.<ref name="BruntlettBruntlett2018">{{cite book |author1=Melissa Bruntlett |author2=Chris Bruntlett |title=Building the Cycling City: The Dutch Blueprint for Urban Vitality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-FdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |date=28 August 2018 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-61091-879-4 |pages=43–55}}</ref> An extensive network of bike paths were planned to make it more convenient to cycle to various destinations instead of taking a car.<ref name="BeckerLampe2018">{{cite book |author1=Annette Becker |author2=Stefanie Lampe |author3=Lessano Negussie |author4=Peter Cachola Schmal |title=Ride a Bike!: Reclaim the City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LoxsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 |date=23 April 2018 |publisher=Birkhäuser |isbn=978-3-0356-1525-8 |page=12}}</ref>

The city has segregated cycle-paths, public transport, and a large pedestrianised zone in the city centre.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Environmental Assessment of Traffic Management Schemes: A Literature Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgdRAQAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Transport Research Laboratory |page=49}}</ref> Groningen's city centre was remodeled into a "pedestrian priority zone" to promote walking and biking.<ref name="Beatley2012">{{cite book |author=Timothy Beatley |title=Green Urbanism: Learning From European Cities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlMuQxpjCgsC&pg=PA45 |date=26 September 2012 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-61091-013-2 |page=45}}</ref> This was achieved by applying the principle of [[Permeability (spatial and transport planning)|filtered permeability]]—the network configuration favours [[active transportation]] and selectively "filters out" traveling in a car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre.<ref name="Appleby2012">{{cite book |author=Paul Appleby |title=Integrated Sustainable Design of Buildings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKgeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 |date=12 October 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-53985-5 |page=175}}</ref> The streets that are discontinuous for cars connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre.<ref name="Spotswood2016">{{cite book |author=Fiona Spotswood |title=Beyond Behaviour Change: Key Issues, Interdisciplinary Approaches and Future Directions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvOfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 |date=26 February 2016 |publisher=Policy Press |isbn=978-1-4473-1756-2 |pages=102–104}}</ref> In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces, increasing aesthetic appeal and encouraging participation.<ref name="Communities1994">{{cite book |author=Commission of the European Communities |title=City and Environment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnNPAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=The Commission |isbn=978-92-826-5902-1 |page=58}}</ref> The logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts—the [[fused grid]].<ref>Melia, S. (2012). ''Filtered and unfiltered permeability: The European and Anglo-Saxon approaches''. Project, 4.</ref>