Editing Ghetto (section)

==== Modern usage and reinterpretations of "ghetto" ====
Recently the word "ghetto" has been used in [[slang]] as an [[adjective]] rather than a [[noun]]. It is used to indicate an object's relation to the inner city and also more broadly to denote something that is shabby or of low quality. While "ghetto" as an adjective can be used derogatorily, the African-American or Black community, particularly the [[hip hop]] scene, has taken the word for themselves and begun using it in a more positive sense that transcends its derogatory origins.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1456766406|title=The Goshen Dilemma|last=Stuart E|first=Heflin Sr|pages=26}}</ref>

In 1973, ''[[Geographical Review]]'' claimed "The degree of residential segregation of the black community is greater than for any other group in urban America, yet black people have not had the political power necessary to exercise any significant degree of control over the improvement of the basic services necessary for their health, education, and welfare."<ref name="Geographical Review 107">''Geographical Review'' 107</ref><ref name="jstor.org">{{Cite journal |title=Geographical Record |journal=Geographical Review |volume=63 |issue=1 |year=1973 |pages= 106–17 |jstor=213241}}</ref> Scholars have been interested in the study of African-American or Black ghettos precisely for the concentration of disadvantaged residents and their vulnerability to social problems. American ghettos also bring attention to geographical and political barriers, and as [[Doreen Massey (geographer)|Doreen Massey]] highlights, that racial segregation in African-American or Black ghettos challenge America's democratic foundations.<ref name="Fischer, Claude S. 2000" /> However, it is still advocated that "One solution to these problems depends on our ability to use the political process in eliminating the inequities... geographical knowledge and theory to public-policy decisions about poor people and poor regions is a professional obligation."<ref name="Geographical Review 107" /><ref name="jstor.org" />