Editing Fuel cell (section)

===Cogeneration===
{{See also|Combined cycle hydrogen power plant}}
Combined heat and power (CHP) fuel cell systems, including [[micro combined heat and power]] (MicroCHP) systems are used to generate both electricity and heat for homes (see [[home fuel cell]]), office building and factories. The system generates constant electric power (selling excess power back to the grid when it is not consumed), and at the same time produces hot air and water from the [[waste heat]]. As the result CHP systems have the potential to save primary energy as they can make use of waste heat which is generally rejected by thermal energy conversion systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/reduction-residential-carbon-dioxide-emissions-through-use-small-cogeneration-fuel-ce-7|title=Reduction of residential carbon dioxide emissions through the use of small cogeneration fuel cell systems – Combined heat and power systems|publisher=IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG)|date=11 November 2008|access-date=2013-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203185449/http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/reduction-residential-carbon-dioxide-emissions-through-use-small-cogeneration-fuel-ce-7|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> A typical capacity range of [[home fuel cell]] is 1–3&nbsp;kW<sub>el</sub>, 4–8&nbsp;kW<sub>th</sub>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/reduction-residential-carbon-dioxide-emissions-through-use-small-cogeneration-fuel-c-20|title=Reduction of residential carbon dioxide emissions through the use of small cogeneration fuel cell systems – Scenario calculations|publisher=IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG)|date=11 November 2008|access-date=2013-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026035842/http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/reduction-residential-carbon-dioxide-emissions-through-use-small-cogeneration-fuel-c-20|archive-date=26 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cogen.org/|title=cogen.org – body shop in nassau county}}</ref> CHP systems linked to [[absorption chiller]]s use their waste heat for [[refrigeration]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fchea.org/core/import/PDFs/CHP%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518094954/http://www.fchea.org/core/import/PDFs/CHP%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Fuel Cells and CHP|archive-date=18 May 2012}}</ref>

The waste heat from fuel cells can be diverted during the summer directly into the ground providing further cooling while the waste heat during winter can be pumped directly into the building. The University of Minnesota owns the patent rights to this type of system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Patent 7,334,406|url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=2&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=7,334,406&OS=7,334,406&RS=7,334,406|access-date=25 August 2011|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224203754/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=2&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=7,334,406&OS=7,334,406&RS=7,334,406|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Geothermal Heat, Hybrid Energy Storage System|url=http://www.license.umn.edu/Products/Hybrid-Geothermal-and-Fuel-Cell-System__Z04147.aspx|access-date=25 August 2011|archive-date=5 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305232421/http://www.license.umn.edu/Products/Hybrid-Geothermal-and-Fuel-Cell-System__Z04147.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Co-generation systems can reach 85% efficiency (40–60% electric and the remainder as thermal).<ref name=Types1/> Phosphoric-acid fuel cells (PAFC) comprise the largest segment of existing CHP products worldwide and can provide combined efficiencies close to 90%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/reduction-residential-carbon-dioxide-emissions-through-use-small-cogeneration-fuel-c-12#tbl_4-7|title=Reduction of residential carbon dioxide emissions through the use of small cogeneration fuel cell systems – Commercial sector|publisher=IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG)|date=11 November 2008|access-date=2013-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305202609/http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/reduction-residential-carbon-dioxide-emissions-through-use-small-cogeneration-fuel-c-12#tbl_4-7|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.utcpower.com/products/purecell400 "PureCell Model 400: Overview"]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514111455/http://www.utcpower.com/products/purecell400 |date=14 May 2011 }}. UTC Power. Accessed 2 August 2011.</ref> Molten carbonate (MCFC) and solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are also used for combined heat and power generation and have electrical energy efficiencies around 60%.<ref>[http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/pdfs/fc_comparison_chart.pdf "Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301120203/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/pdfs/fc_comparison_chart.pdf |date=1 March 2013 }}. Department of Energy Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Program. February 2011.</ref> Disadvantages of co-generation systems include slow ramping up and down rates, high cost and short lifetime.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Onovwiona | first1 = H.I. | last2 = Ugursal | first2 = V.I. | year = 2006 | title = Residential cogeneration systems: review of the current technology | journal = Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | volume = 10 | issue = 5| pages = 389–431 | doi=10.1016/j.rser.2004.07.005| bibcode = 2006RSERv..10..389O }}</ref><ref>AD. Hawkes, L. Exarchakos, D. Hart, MA. Leach, D. Haeseldonckx, L. Cosijns and W. D’haeseleer. EUSUSTEL work package 3: Fuell cells, 2006.</ref> Also their need to have a hot water storage tank to smooth out the thermal heat production was a serious disadvantage in the domestic market place where space in domestic properties is at a great premium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/reduction-residential-carbon-dioxide-emissions-through-use-small-cogeneration-fuel-c-31#Expert_Reviewers_Comments|title=Reduction of residential carbon dioxide emissions through the use of small cogeneration fuel cell systems|publisher=IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG)|date=11 November 2008|access-date=2013-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504050857/http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/reduction-residential-carbon-dioxide-emissions-through-use-small-cogeneration-fuel-c-31#Expert_Reviewers_Comments|archive-date=4 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Delta-ee consultants stated in 2013 that with 64% of global sales the fuel cell micro-combined heat and power passed the conventional systems in sales in 2012.<ref name="The fuel cell industry review 2013"/> The Japanese ENE FARM project stated that 34.213 PEMFC and 2.224 SOFC were installed in the period 2012–2014, 30,000 units on [[LNG]] and 6,000 on [[liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]].<ref name="CalluxEn1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hyer.eu/2014/enfarm-enefield-eneware |title=HyER " Enfarm, enefield, eneware! |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215204028/http://www.hyer.eu/2014/enfarm-enefield-eneware |archive-date=15 February 2016 }}</ref>