Editing French Resistance (section)

===Foreigners in the Resistance===
====Dutch====
[[Dutch-Paris]] built an important network in France to help the resistance, Jews and allied pilots to cross the Pyrenees and flee to Britain. 800 Jews and 142 pilots were saved. Near the end of the war, because of a denunciation, nearly all members of the network were caught and deported to concentration camps, where many died.

====Armenians====
Armenians living in France took up arms and fought the resistance against the Axis forces. The most significant Armenian resistant were 23 strong men led by Missak Manouchian, who were hanged on February 21, 1944.

====Spanish maquis====
{{Main|Spanish Maquis}}
Following their defeat in the [[Spanish Civil War]] in early 1939, about half a million Spanish Republicans fled to France to escape imprisonment or execution.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=105}} On the north side of the [[Pyrenees]], such refugees were confined in [[concentration camps in France|internment camps]] such as [[Camp Gurs]] and [[Camp Vernet]].{{Sfn|Weitz|1995|p=29}}{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=105}} Although over half of these had been repatriated to Spain (or elsewhere) by the time Pétain proclaimed the Vichy régime in 1940,{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=13}} the 120,000 to 150,000 who remained{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=495}} became political prisoners, and the foreign equivalent to the ''Service du Travail Obligatoire'', the ''Compagnies de Travailleurs Étrangers'' (Companies of Foreign Workers) or CTE, began to pursue them for slave labor.{{Sfn|Zuccotti|1999|p=76}} The CTE was initially seen as a welcome break from the monotony of the camps by many. Lluís Montagut, a member of the C.T.E, described how "we (the Spanish Republican internees) held so much desire to not to see the camps that we accepted (the positions offered by the C.T.E) without the slightest objection...we went out of the way to lose the shameful tag of undesirables".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dreyfus-Armand |first=Geneviève |title=L'Exil des Républicains Espagnols en France |publisher=Albin Michel |year=1999 |location=Paris |page=107 |language=fr}}</ref>

The CTE permitted prisoners to leave the internment camps if they agreed to work in German factories,{{Sfn|Weitz|1995|p=242}} but as many as 60,000 Republicans recruited for the labor service managed to escape and join the French Resistance.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=13}} Thousands of suspected anti-fascist Republicans were deported to German concentration camps instead, however.{{Sfn|Bowen|2000|p=140}} Most were sent to [[Mauthausen concentration camp|Mauthausen]] where, of the 10,000 Spaniards registered, only 2,000 survived the war.{{Sfn|Bowen|2006|p=237}}

Many Spanish escapees joined French Resistance groups; others formed their own autonomous groups which became known as the Spanish maquis. In April 1942, Spanish communists formed an organisation called the XIV Corps, an armed guerrilla movement of about 3,400 combatants by June 1944.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=495}} Although the group first worked closely with the [[Francs-Tireurs et Partisans]] (FTP), it re-formed as the ''Agrupación de Guerrilleros Españoles'' (Spanish Guerrilla Group, AGE) in May 1944.{{Sfn|Beevor|2006|p=420}} The name change was intended to convey the group's composition: Spanish soldiers ultimately advocating the fall of General [[Francisco Franco]].{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=495}} After the German Army had been driven from France, the Spanish maquis refocused on Spain.

====Czechs and Slovaks====
Among Czechs and Slovaks who joined the French Resistance were [[Otakar Hromádko]], [[Věra Waldes]] and [[Artur London]].

====German anti-nazis====
From spring 1943, German and Austrian anti-nazis who had fought in the [[International Brigades]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]] fought in [[Lozère]] and the [[Cévennes]] alongside the French Resistance in the [[Francs-Tireurs et Partisans]].{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=13}} During the first years of the occupation, they had been employed in the CTE, but following the German invasion of the southern zone in 1942 the threat increased, and many joined the [[maquis (World War II)|maquis]]. They were led by militant German communist [[Otto Kühne]], a former member of the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag in the Weimar Republic]] who had over 2,000 Germans in the FTP under his command by July 1944. He fought the Nazis directly, as in an April 1944 battle in [[Saint-Étienne-Vallée-Française]] in which his soldiers destroyed a [[Feldgendarmerie]] unit, or in an ambush of the [[Waffen-SS]] on June 5, 1944.{{sfn|Brès|Brès|2007|pp={{Page needed|date=April 2021}}}}

====Luxembourgers====
400 men from [[Luxembourg]] (which was annexed into Germany), many of whom had refused to serve in, or who had deserted from, the German Wehrmacht, left their tiny country to fight in the French maquis, where they were particularly active in the regions of [[Lyon]], [[Grenoble]] and the [[Ardennes]] although many of them were killed in the war. Others, like [[Antoine Diederich]], rose to high rank in the Resistance. Diederich, known only as "Capitaine Baptiste", had 77 maquis soldiers under his command and is best known for attacking [[Riom]] prison, where he and his fighters freed every one of 114 inmates who had been sentenced to death.{{sfn|Rath|2009|pp=375–377}}

====Hungarians====
Many Hungarian émigrés, some of them Jewish, were artists and writers working in Paris at the time of the occupation. They had gone to Paris in the 1920s and 1930s to escape repression in their homeland. Many joined the Resistance, where they were particularly active in the regions of [[Lyon]], [[Grenoble]], [[Marseille]] and [[Toulouse]]. Jewish resisters included Imre Epstein in the Hungarian group at Toulouse; György Vadnai (future [[Lausanne]] rabbi) at Lyon; the writer [[Emil Szittya]] at Limoges. Also participating were the painter Sándor Józsa, the sculptor István Hajdú ([[Étienne Hajdu]]), the journalists László Kőrös and Imre Gyomrai; the photographers [[Andor (André) Steiner]], [[Lucien Hervé]] and [[Ervin Martón]]. [[Thomas Elek]] (1924–1944), [[Imre Glasz]] (1902–1944) and [[József Boczor]] (1905–1944) were among 23 resisters executed for their work with the legendary [[Manouchian Group]]. The Germans executed nearly 1,100 Jewish resisters of different nationalities during the occupation, while others were killed in action.<ref name=ArtProscrit>{{cite web| url=http://mardishongrois.blogspot.com/2010/04/art-proscrit-szamuzott-muveszet.html |title="Art proscrit" – "Száműzött művészet" – Exposition à Budapest du 17 avril au 15 août 2010 |last1=Kiss |first1=Edit Bán |last2=Munkás |first2=Béla Mészöly |last3=Wittmann |first3=Zsigmond |work=[[Holocaust Memorial Center (Budapest)]] |date=12 April 2010 |access-date=2017-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hdke.hu/files/csatolmanyok/leporello_EN.pdf |title=Art in Exile: Belated Homecoming |last1=Kiss |first1=Edit Bán |last2=Munkás |first2=Béla Mészöly |last3=Wittmann |first3=Zsigmond |work=Holocaust Memorial Center (Budapest) |access-date=2017-08-17 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225083746/http://www.hdke.hu/files/csatolmanyok/leporello_EN.pdf  }}</ref>

====Italian anti-fascists====
On 3 March 1943, representatives of the [[Italian Communist Party]] and [[Italian Socialist Party]] who had taken refuge in France, signed the "Pact of Lyon" which marked the beginning of their participation in the Resistance. Italians were particularly numerous in the Hitler-annexed [[Moselle]] industrial area, where they played a determining role in the creation of the Département's main resistance organisation, ''Groupe Mario''.{{Sfn|Burger|1965}} [[Vittorio Culpo]] is an example of Italians in the French Resistance.

====Polish resistance in France during World War II====
{{Main|Polish resistance in France during World War II}}

The majority of the Polish soldiers, and some Polish civilians, who stayed in France after the German victory in 1940, as well as one Polish pilot shot down over France (one of many Polish pilots flying for the [[RAF]]), joined the French Resistance, notably including [[Tony Halik]] and [[Aleksander Kawałkowski]].

====Cajun Americans====
While not part of the French Resistance, French-speaking [[Cajun]] soldiers in the [[United States military]] posed as local civilians in France to channel American assistance to the Resistance.<ref>[http://beta.lpb.org/index.php?/site/programs/mon_cher_camarade/mon_cher_camarade ''LPB – Mon Cher Camarade''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911143524/http://beta.lpb.org/index.php?%2Fsite%2Fprograms%2Fmon_cher_camarade%2Fmon_cher_camarade |date=11 September 2016 }}, Louisiana Public Broadcasting, 10 September 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</ref>