Editing Foreign relations of India (section)

===West===
;Armenia
{{main|Armenia–India relations}}

India established diplomatic relations with Armenia in December 1992. It wasn't recognised by some countries including Pakistan, which most of the nations did. As of the earliest days of the silk route, there have been strong cultural, moral and ancient other traditional relations among the nations. It fully supports India's bid for a permanent seat in [[United Nations Security Council|UNSC]] and even completely supports India on [[Kashmir conflict]]s. There exists a small community of [[Armenians in India]] while there is also a small community of Indians.

;Azerbaijan
{{main|Azerbaijan–India relations}}

India has an embassy in [[Baku]] and Azerbaijan has an embassy in [[New Delhi]]. Both have been connected through ancient cultural links and trade routes (especially the [[Silk Road|Silk Route]]).

;Bahrain
{{Main|Bahrain–India relations}}
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Foreign Minister of Bahrain, Shaikh Khalid Bin Mohamed Al Khalifa, in New Delhi on February 23, 2015.jpg|thumb|The [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Narendra Modi|Shri Narendra Modi]] meeting the Foreign Minister of Bahrain, Shaikh Khalid Bin Mohamed Al Khalifa, in New Delhi on February 23, 2015]]
India is a close ally of Bahrain, the Kingdom along with its GCC partners are (according to Indian officials) among the most prominent backers of India's bid for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council,<ref>'India against Security Council membership without veto', Web India, 29 December 2004</ref> and Bahraini officials have urged India to play a greater role in international affairs. For instance, over concerns about Iran's nuclear programme Bahrain's Crown Prince appealed to India to play an active role in resolving the crisis.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article2789056.ece Bahrain accuses Iran of nuclear weapons lie]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [[The Times]], 2 November 2007</ref>

Ties between India and Bahrain go back generations, with many of Bahrain's most prominent figures having close connections: poet and constitutionalist [[Ebrahim Al-Arrayedh]] grew up in Bombay, while 17th-century Bahraini theologians Sheikh [[Salih Al-Karzakani]] and Sheikh Ja'far bin Kamal al-Din were influential figures in the Kingdom of [[Golkonda]]<ref>Juan Cole, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C&pg=PA45 Sacred space and holy war: the politics, culture and history of Shi'ite Islam], IB Tauris, 2002 p. 45</ref> and the development of Shia thought in the sub-continent.

Bahraini politicians have sought to enhance these long-standing ties, with Parliamentary Speaker [[Khalifa Al Dhahrani]] in 2007 leading a delegation of parliamentarians and business leaders to meet the then Indian President [[Pratibha Patil]], the then opposition leader [[L K Advani]], and take part in training and media interviews.<ref>[http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=201397 MPs on goodwill visit to India...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608114202/http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=201397 |date=8 June 2011 }} Gulf Daily News, 29 November 2007</ref> Politically, it is easier for Bahrain's politicians to seek training and advice from India than it is from the United States or other Western alternatives.

Adding further strength to the ties, [[Sheikh Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa]] visited India during which MOUs and bilateral deals worth $450 million were approved.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/bahrain-seeks-to-boost-ties-with-india-during-king-hamad-al-khalifa-s-first-visit-485144 |title=Bahrain seeks to boost ties with India during King Hamad Al Khalifa's first visit |work=NDTV.com |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301161743/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/bahrain-seeks-to-boost-ties-with-india-during-king-hamad-al-khalifa-s-first-visit-485144 |url-status=live }}</ref> India expressed its support for Bahrain's bid for a non-permanent seat in the [[United Nations Security Council|UNSC]] in 2026–27.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Bahrain to back each other for UN seat |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/india-bahrain-to-back-each-other-for-un-seat/article1-461854.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313025500/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/india-bahrain-to-back-each-other-for-un-seat/article1-461854.aspx |archive-date=13 March 2014 }}</ref>

;Cyprus
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the President of the Republic of Cyprus, Mr. Nicos Anastasiades, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on April 28, 2017 (1).jpg|thumb|The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the [[President of Cyprus|President of the Republic of Cyprus]], [[Nicos Anastasiades|Mr. Nicos Anastasiades]], at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on April 28, 2017 ]]
{{main|Cyprus–India relations}}

* Cyprus has a High Commission in [[New Delhi]] and 2 honorary consulates (in [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/highcom/highcom_newdelhi.nsf/DMLindex_en/DMLindex_en?OpenDocument|title=High Commission of Cyprus in India|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093712/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/highcom/highcom_newdelhi.nsf/DMLindex_en/DMLindex_en?OpenDocument|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* India has a High Commission in [[Nicosia]].<ref>[http://www.hcinicosia.org.cy/ Indian high commission in Nicosia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115024604/http://www.hcinicosia.org.cy/ |date=15 January 2012 }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120225131239/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2006.nsf/All/210EAF74262E6F34C22571E100240EC8/$file/India.pdf?OpenElement Cypriot Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with India]
India supported Cyprus during its struggle for independence from British colonial rule. India supported the Greeks in Cyprus during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 and lobbied for the international recognition of the Government of Nicosia as the sole legal representative of the entire nation. India has consistently supported and voted for a peaceful resolution of the Cyprus dispute at the United Nations.

;Georgia
{{main|Georgia–India relations}}

* Georgia has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=691&lang_id=|title=Georgian embassy in India|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623122401/http://india.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=691&lang_id=|archive-date=23 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* India is represented in Georgia through its embassy in [[Yerevan]] ([[Armenia]]) and an honorary consulate in [[Tbilisi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.am/ |title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Yerevan, Armenia |access-date=20 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220230759/http://www.indianembassy.am/ |archive-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111116052839/http://mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=373&lang_id=ENG Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with India]
[[File:Tagore Iran.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Rabindranath Tagore]] as a guest of [[Majles|Iran's parliament]] in the 1930s.|left]]
;Iran
{{Main|India–Iran relations}}

Independent India and Iran established diplomatic links on 15 March 1950.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81006985/Politic/Iran,_India_relations_span_centuries_marked_by_meaningful_interactions |title=Iran, India relations span centuries marked by meaningful interactions |date=22 January 2014 |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=10 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210210659/http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81006985/Politic/Iran,_India_relations_span_centuries_marked_by_meaningful_interactions |url-status=live }}</ref> After the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979, Iran withdrew from [[Central Treaty Organization|CENTO]] and dissociated itself from US-friendly countries, including Pakistan, which automatically meant an improved relationship with the Republic of India.

Currently, the two countries have friendly relations in many areas. There are significant trade ties, particularly in crude oil imports into India and diesel exports to Iran. Iran frequently objected to Pakistan's attempts to draft anti-India resolutions at international organisations such as the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]]. India welcomed Iran's inclusion as an observer state in the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] regional organisation. [[Lucknow]] continues to be a major centre of Shiite culture and Persian study in the subcontinent.

In the 1990s, India and Iran both supported the [[Northern Alliance]] in Afghanistan against the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Taliban regime]]. They continue to collaborate in supporting the broad-based anti-Taliban government led by [[Hamid Karzai]] and backed by the United States.[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi with President of Iran Hassan Rouhani.jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]] with Former [[President of Iran]], [[Hassan Rouhani]], in [[Tehran]]. {{small|(2016)}}]]

However, one complex issue in Indo-Iran relations is the issue of Iran's nuclear programme. In this intricate issue, India tries to make a delicate balance. According to [[Rejaul Karim Laskar|Rejaul Laskar]], an Indian expert on international relations, "India's position on Iran's nuclear programme has been consistent, principled and balanced, and makes an endeavour to reconcile Iran's quest for energy security with the international community's concerns on proliferation. So, while India acknowledges and supports Iran's ambitions to achieve energy security and in particular, its quest for peaceful use of nuclear energy, it is also India's principled position that Iran must meet all its obligations under international law, particularly its obligations under the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and other such treaties to which it is a signatory"<ref>Beyond Historical Linkages, [http://www.geopolitics.in/jan2012.aspx Geopolitics, January 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234710/http://www.geopolitics.in/jan2012.aspx |date=15 October 2015 }}; Page 71</ref>

Following an attack on an Israeli diplomat in India in February 2012, the [[Delhi Police]] contended that the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps had some involvement in the attack. This was subsequently confirmed in July 2012, after a report by the Delhi Police found evidence that members of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps had been involved in the 13 February bomb attack in the capital.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130129164215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-30/delhi/32941054_1_israeli-diplomat-houshang-afshar-irani-mohammad-reza-abolghasemi "Cops name Iran military arm for attack on Israeli diplomat"], "Times of India", 30 July 2012</ref>
;Iraq
{{Main|India–Iraq relations}}
[[File:Gandhi Statue, Erbil Iraqi Kurdistan.jpg|thumb|266x266px|Gandhi statue in [[Erbil]], [[Iraqi Kurdistan]]]]Iraq was one of the few countries in the Middle East with which India established diplomatic relations at the embassy level immediately after its [[Indian independence movement|independence]] in 1947.<ref name="US">{{cite web|url=http://www.issi.org.pk/journal/2003_files/no_2/article/7a.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135457/http://www.issi.org.pk/journal/2003_files/no_2/article/7a.htm|title=US-Iraq War: India's Middle East policy|archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> Both nations signed the "Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship" in 1952 and an agreement of cooperation on cultural affairs in 1954.<ref name="US"/> India was amongst the first to recognise the [[Ba'ath Party]]-led government, and Iraq remained neutral during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. However, Iraq sided alongside other Persian Gulf states in supporting Pakistan against India during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], which saw the creation of Bangladesh.<ref name="US"/> The eight-year-long [[Iran–Iraq War]] caused a steep decline in trade and commerce between the two nations.<ref name="US"/>

During the 1991 [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]], India remained neutral but permitted refuelling for US aircraft.<ref name="US"/> It opposed [[Sanctions against Iraq|UN sanctions on Iraq]], but the period of war and Iraq's isolation further diminished India's commercial and diplomatic ties.<ref name="US"/> From 1999 onwards, Iraq and India began to work towards a stronger relationship. Iraq had supported India's right to conduct [[India and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear tests]] following its [[Pokhran-II|tests of five nuclear weapons]] on 11 and 13 May 1998.<ref name="US"/> In 2000, the then-[[Vice-President of Iraq]] [[Taha Yassin Ramadan]] visited India, and on 6 August 2002 President Saddam Hussein conveyed Iraq's "unwavering support" to India over the [[Kashmir conflict]] with Pakistan.<ref name="US"/><ref name="X">[http://english.people.com.cn/english/200011/30/eng20001130_56499.html India, Iraq Agree on Cooperation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221180359/http://english.people.com.cn/english/200011/30/eng20001130_56499.html |date=21 February 2014 }}. ''People''.cn (30 November 2000). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India and Iraq established joint ministerial committees and trade delegations to promote extensive bilateral cooperation.<ref name="FICCI">{{cite web|url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/iraq/iraqcommercialrelation.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227224506/http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/iraq/iraqcommercialrelation.htm|title=Iraq Economic and Commercial Relations|archive-date=27 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="IS">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/15459739.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141937/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/15459739.cms|title=Iraq prizes ties with India: Saddam|website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> Although initially disrupted during the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], diplomatic and commercial ties between India and the new democratic government of Iraq have since been normalised.<ref name="IS"/>

;[[File:Beni-israel-india-2.jpg|thumb|A Beni-Israel family in Bombay|left]]Israel
{{Main|India–Israel relations}}

The establishment of Israel at the end of World War II was a complex issue. Based on its own experience during partition, when 14 million people were displaced<ref>{{cite web |title=Rupture in South Asia |url=http://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bab0.pdf |publisher=United Nations High Commission for Refugees |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311071256/http://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bab0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies |first=Crispin |last=Bates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml |publisher=BBC |date=3 March 2011 |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024083133/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> and an estimated 200,000 to 500,000 people were killed in Punjab Province,<ref>{{cite web |title=The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes |first=Paul R. |last=Brass |author-link=Paul Brass |work=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf |year=2003 |page=75 (5(1), 71–101) |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414153300/http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> India had recommended a single state, as did Iran and Yugoslavia (later to undergo its genocidal partition). The state could allocate Arab- and Jewish-majority provinces to prevent the partition of historic Palestine and prevent widespread conflict.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths/mf3.html#a |title=Myths & Facts – Partition |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-date=25 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625220508/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths/mf3.html#a |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2022}} But, the final UN resolution recommended the partition of Mandatory Palestine into Arab and Jewish states based on religious and ethnic majorities. India opposed this in the final vote as it did not agree with the concept of partition based on religion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/partition.html |title=United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-date=14 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714100509/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/partition.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2022}}[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi addressing the press meet with the Prime Minister of Israel, Mr. Benjamin Netanyahu, in Jerusalem, Israel on July 05, 2017 (1).jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]], with Former Prime Minister of Israel, [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], during a press meet, in [[Jerusalem]], {{small|(2017)}}]]

Due to the security threat from a US-backed Pakistan and its nuclear programme in the 1980s, Israel and India started a clandestine relationship that involved cooperation between their respective intelligence agencies.<ref name="RAW-MOSSAD">[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08spec.htm RAW and MOSSAD, the Secret Link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912075501/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08spec.htm |date=12 September 2009 }},''rediff.com''</ref> Israel shared India's concerns about the growing danger posed by Pakistan and nuclear proliferation to Iran and other Arab states.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dean |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/6170145/A.Q.-Khan-boasts-of-helping-Irans-nuclear-programme.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/6170145/A.Q.-Khan-boasts-of-helping-Irans-nuclear-programme.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=A.Q. Khan boasts of helping Iran's nuclear programme |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=10 September 2009 |access-date=21 November 2009 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Since the establishment of full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992, India has improved its relationship with the Jewish state. India is regarded as Israel's strongest ally in Asia, and Israel is India's second-largest arms supplier. Since India achieved its [[Indian independence movement|independence in 1947]], it has supported Palestinian self-determination. India recognised Palestine's statehood following Palestine's [[Palestinian Declaration of Independence|declaration]] on 18 November 1988<ref name="unesdoc.unesco.org">{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000827/082711eo.pdf|title=Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=12 January 2013|archive-date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728145954/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000827/082711eo.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[India–Palestine relations|Indo-Palestinian relations]] was first established in 1974.<ref name="meaindia.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/palestine.pdf |title=MEA – MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126020231/http://meaindia.nic.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/palestine.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This has not adversely affected India's improved relations with Israel.

India entertained the Israeli Prime Minister in a visit in 2003,<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/sharon.htm Ariel Sharon's India visit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414090239/http://www.rediff.com/news/sharon.htm |date=14 April 2019 }},''rediff.com''</ref> and Israel has entertained Indian dignitaries such as Finance Minister [[Jaswant Singh]] in diplomatic visits. India and Israel collaborate in scientific and technological endeavours. Israel's Minister for Science and Technology has expressed interest in collaborating with the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) towards using satellites to better manage land and other resources. Israel has also expressed interest in participating in ISRO's [[Chandrayaan-1|Chandrayaan]] Mission involving an uncrewed mission to the moon.<ref name="TimesofIndia">[https://web.archive.org/web/20040119221313/http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/25/stories/2003122502231200.htm Israel plans thrust on science and technology collaboration], ''The Times of India'', 24 December 2003</ref> On 21 January 2008, India successfully launched an Israeli spy satellite into orbit from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Sriharikota space station]] in southern India.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7199736.stm "India launches Israeli satellite"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128071148/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7199736.stm |date=28 January 2008 }}, BBC News Online, 21 January 2008</ref> [[File:Narendra Modi visit to Israel, July 2017 (5803).jpg|thumb|Narendra Modi's warm visit to Israel, hugging Former President [[Reuven Rivlin]] in 2017]]

Israel and India share intelligence on terrorist groups. They have developed close defence and security ties since establishing diplomatic relations in 1992. India has bought more than $5 billion worth of Israeli equipment since 2002. In addition, Israel is training Indian military units and in 2008 was discussing an arrangement to give Indian commandos instruction in counter-terrorist tactics and urban warfare.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-indiaisrael29-2008nov29,0,440564.story Israel says Mumbai attackers targeted its citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141828/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-indiaisrael29-2008nov29,0,440564.story |date=16 December 2008 }}, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 29 November 2008</ref> In December 2008, Israel and India signed a memorandum to set up an Indo-Israel Legal Colloquium to facilitate discussions and exchange programmes between judges and jurists of the two countries.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104032824/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-31/india/27896422_1_legal-systems-india-and-israel-israeli-president India, Israel set up bilateral legal colloquium]. ''The Times of India'' (31 December 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>

Following the Israeli invasion of [[2006 Lebanon War|Lebanon in 2006]], India stated that the Israeli use of force was "[[International reactions to the 2006 Lebanon War#India|disproportionate and excessive]]".<ref>[http://www.kuna.net.kw/home/story.aspx?Language=en&DSNO=886234 LD Lebanon Reactions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195951/http://www.kuna.net.kw/home/story.aspx?Language=en&DSNO=886234 |date=27 September 2007 }}, Kuwait News Agency</ref>

The India-Israel relationship has been very close and warm under the premiership of [[Narendra Modi]] since 2014. In 2017, he was the first ever Prime Minister of India to visit Israel.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Here's why Hindu nationalists aspire to Israel's "ethnic democracy"|url=https://qz.com/india/1551356/what-explains-modis-bonhomie-with-israels-netanyahu/|access-date=28 July 2021|website=Quartz|date=15 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

;Lebanon
{{main|India–Lebanon relations}}

India and Lebanon enjoy cordial and friendly relations based on many complementarities such as a political system based on parliamentary democracy, non-alignment, human rights, commitment to a just world order, regional and global peace, a liberal market economy and a vibrant entrepreneurial spirit. India has a peacekeeping force as part of the [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]] (UNIFIL). One infantry battalion is deployed in Lebanon and about 900 personnel are stationed in the Eastern part of [[Southern Lebanon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/pallam-raju-to-visit-indian-peacekeepers-in-lebanon_10093673.html |title=Pallam Raju to visit Indian peacekeepers in Lebanon |publisher=Thaindian.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-date=1 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801091806/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/pallam-raju-to-visit-indian-peacekeepers-in-lebanon_10093673.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The force also provided non-patrol aid to citizens.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/inDepthNews/idUSEIC54708020061026?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 |title=Indian UN vet treats animal victims of Lebanon war |work=Reuters |date=26 October 2006 |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923133307/https://www.reuters.com/article/inDepthNews/idUSEIC54708020061026?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
India and Lebanon have had very good relations since the 1950s.

;Oman
{{Main|India-Oman relations}}
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the delegation level talks with the Sultan of Oman, Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said, at Bait Al Baraka, in Muscat, Oman on February 11, 2018 (1).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] meeting with Sultan [[Qaboos bin Said Al Said]] at [[Al Baraka Palace]], [[Muscat]] in 2018.]]
India–Oman relations are foreign relations between India and the Sultanate of Oman. India has an embassy in Muscat, Oman. The Indian consulate was opened in Muscat in February 1955 and five years later it was upgraded to a consulate general and later developed into a full-fledged embassy in 1971. The first Ambassador of India arrived in Muscat in 1973. Oman established its embassy in New Delhi in 1972 and a consulate general in Mumbai in 1976.

$5.6 bn Oman-India energy pipeline plans progressing: Fox Petroleum Group envisions a roughly five-year timeframe for the execution of the pipeline project.<ref name="omanobserver.om">{{cite web |url=http://omanobserver.om/5-6-bn-oman-india-energy-pipeline-plans-progressing/ |title=$5.6 bn Oman-India energy pipeline plans progressing &#124; Oman Observer |access-date=25 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701012600/http://omanobserver.om/5-6-bn-oman-india-energy-pipeline-plans-progressing/ |archive-date=1 July 2015 }}</ref>

Ajay Kumar, the chairman and managing director of Fox Petroleum, based in New Delhi, which is an associate company of Fox Petroleum FZC in the UAE, said that Mr. Modi had "fired the best weapon of economic development and growth". "He has given a red carpet for global players to invest in India," Mr. Kumar added. "It will boost all sectors of the industry – especially for small-scale manufacturing units and heavy industries too."

<ref name="omanobserver.om"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/modi-reveals-plan-to-attract-foreign-investment-into-india|title=Modi reveals plan to attract foreign investment into India|date=25 September 2014|access-date=31 July 2015|archive-date=30 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630161534/http://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/modi-reveals-plan-to-attract-foreign-investment-into-india|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/modi-and-the-sino-indian-game-for-iranian-gas/|title=Modi and the Sino-Indian Game for Iranian Gas|first=Micha'el Tanchum, The|last=Diplomat|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301010935/https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/modi-and-the-sino-indian-game-for-iranian-gas/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tradearabia.com/news/CONS_282811.html|title=$5.6bn Oman-India pipeline plans on track|website=tradearabia.com|access-date=31 July 2015|archive-date=20 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720062302/http://www.tradearabia.com/news/CONS_282811.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bgs-group.eu/our-events.html |title=Our events |access-date=25 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901104335/http://www.bgs-group.eu/our-events.html |archive-date=1 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lngcongress.com/|title=5th International LNG Congress|website=lngcongress.com|access-date=31 July 2015|archive-date=2 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102122602/http://lngcongress.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
;Saudi Arabia
{{Main|India–Saudi Arabia relations}}

Bilateral relations between India and Saudi Arabia have strengthened considerably owing to cooperation in regional affairs and trade. Saudi Arabia is the one of largest suppliers of oil to India, which is one of the top seven trading partners and the 5th biggest investor in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="CH">{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/-india-saudi-arabia-to-better-understanding-108060200074_1.html |title=India, Saudi Arabia to better understanding |access-date=15 August 2020 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=2 June 2008 |agency=Press Trust of India |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923133308/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/-india-saudi-arabia-to-better-understanding-108060200074_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

India was one of the first nations to establish ties with the [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|Third Saudi State]]. During the 1930s, India heavily funded [[Nejd]] through financial subsidies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kostiner |first=Joseph |title=The making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: from chieftaincy to monarchical state |publisher=Oxford University Press US, 1993 |isbn=9780195074406|year=1993 }}</ref>[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi in conversation with King Salman bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Narendra Modi in conversation with [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|King Salman bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud]] of Saudi Arabia]]
India's strategic relations with Saudi Arabia have been affected by the latter's close ties with Pakistan.<ref name="SO2">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4645836.stm |title=Saudi king on rare visit to India |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=BBC News |date=25 January 2006 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225045918/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4645836.stm%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Saudi Arabia supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] at the expense of its relations with India.<ref name="VA2">
{{cite book |first=Prithvi Ram |last=Mudiam |title=India and the Middle East |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiamiddleeast00prit/page/88 88–94] |publisher=British Academic Press |year=1994 |isbn=1-85043-703-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiamiddleeast00prit/page/88 }}</ref> The [[Soviet Union]]'s close relations with India also served as a source of consternation.<ref name="SO2"/><ref name="VA2"/> During the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]] (1990–91), India officially maintained [[Neutral country|neutrality]]. Saudi Arabia's close military and strategic ties with Pakistan have also been a source of continuing strain.<ref name="SO2"/><ref name="VA2"/>

Since the 1990s, both nations have taken steps to improve ties. Saudi Arabia has supported granting [[observer status]] to India in the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) and has expanded its cooperation with India to fight [[terrorism]].<ref name="new era">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4655268.stm |title="New era" for Saudi-Indian ties |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=BBC News |date=27 January 2006 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402083615/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4655268.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2006, King [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]] made a special visit to India, becoming the first Saudi monarch in 51 years to do so.<ref name="SO2"/> The Saudi king and former [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] signed an agreement forging a strategic energy partnership that was termed the "Delhi Declaration".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/India-Saudi-Arabia-sign-strategic-energy-pact-Long-term-contracts-planned-for-crude-supplies/article20196973.ece |title=India, Saudi Arabia sign strategic energy pact |date=23 April 2011 |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=Business Line |archive-date=24 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224004939/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/01/28/stories/2006012802970900.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The pact provides for a "reliable, stable and increased volume of crude oil supplies to India through long-term contracts."<ref name="DG">{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/01/27/news/international/india_saudi.dj/ |title=India, Saudi Arabia in energy deal |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=CNN |date=27 January 2006 |archive-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217121627/https://money.cnn.com/2006/01/27/news/international/india_saudi.dj/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Both nations also agreed on joint ventures and the development of oil and natural gas in public and private sectors.<ref name="DG"/> An Indo-Saudi joint declaration in the Indian capital [[New Delhi]] described the king's visit as "heralding a new era in India-Saudi Arabia relations".<ref name="new era"/>

;Syria
{{main|India–Syria relations}}

[[File:Syrian_Christian_Women_in_Kerala_(1912).jpg|thumb|Syrian Christian Women in Kerala (1912)]]
Bilateral relations between India and [[Syria]] are historic and the two have ancient civilizational ties. Both countries were on the [[Silk Road]] through which civilizational exchanges took place for centuries. [[Syriac Christianity]], originating in ancient Syria, spread further to the East and created the first [[Christianity in India|Christian]] communities in ancient India. The ancient Syriac language among the Syrian Christians of Kerala was also brought to Kerala by St Thomas in the 1st century CE. Even today the language continues to be taught in colleges and universities in Kerala.

A common nationalism and secular orientation, membership of NAM and similar perceptions on many issues further strengthened the bond between the two states. India supported "Syria's legitimate right to regain the occupied Golan Heights". In turn, this was reciprocated with Syrian recognition that Kashmir is a bilateral issue as well as general support of India's concerns and even candidature at various international forums.

;Turkey
{{Main|India–Turkey relations}}
Due to controversial issues such as Turkey's close relationship with Pakistan, relations between the two countries have often been blistered at certain times, but better at others. India and Turkey's relationship alters from unsureness to collaboration when the two nations work together to combat terrorism in Central and South Asia, and the Middle East. India and Turkey are also connected by history, seeing as they have known each other since the days of the [[Ottoman Empire]], and seeing as India was one of the countries to send aid to Turkey following its [[Turkish War of Independence|war of independence]]. The Indian real estate firm GMR has invested in and is working towards the modernisation of [[Istanbul]]'s [[Sabiha Gökçen International Airport]].

The relations took a nose-dive after [[President of Turkey|Turkish President]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] spoke against India on the [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir issue]] and supported Pakistan, during his address at [[United Nations General Assembly]] after Pakistan PM [[Imran Khan]], in September 2019. In February 2020, he visited Islamabad and held talks with Imran Khan, on "improving and bolding the relations with Islamabad". At the end of the month, during the [[2020 Delhi riots|riots in Delhi]] and [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|CAA-NRC protests]] in India, he criticized the government for its policies. He also criticized the move of the Indian Government on the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|Galwan Valley skirmishes with China]] on [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]].

;United Arab Emirates
{{Main|India–United Arab Emirates relations}}

[[File:India Republic Day 2017 Crown Prince.jpg|thumb|The President, [[Pranab Mukherjee|Shri Pranab Mukherjee]] and the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with the Chief Guest of the Republic Day, The Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi, Deputy Supreme Commander of U.A.E. Armed Forces, General [[Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], at [[Rajpath]], on the occasion of the 68th Republic Day Parade 2017, in New Delhi.]]

India–United Arab Emirates relations refer to the bilateral relations that exist between the Republic of India and the United Arab Emirates. After the creation of the Federation in 1971, India-UAE relations flourished. Today UAE and India share political, economic and cultural links. There are over a million Indians in the United Arab Emirates, being by far the largest migrant group in the country.[1] A large Indian expatriate community resides and engages in the UAE in economically productive activities and has played a significant role in the evolution of the UAE. In 2008–09, India emerged as the largest trade partner of the UAE with bilateral trade between the two countries exceeding US$44.5 billion. [9] UAE and India are each other's main trading partners. The trade totals over $75 billion (AED275.25 billion).

;Arab states of the Persian Gulf

India and the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]] enjoy strong cultural and economic ties. This is reflected in the fact that more than 50% of the oil consumed by India comes from the Persian Gulf countries<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/India_Gulf_share_special_relationship/articleshow/2700623.cms |title=India, Gulf share special relationship- Indicators-Economy-News-The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |date=15 January 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141900/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/India_Gulf_share_special_relationship/articleshow/2700623.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and Indian nationals form the largest expatriate community in the Arabian peninsula.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.meforum.org/article/1019 |title=Saudi Arabia Woos China and India :: Middle East Quarterly |journal=Middle East Quarterly |date=September 2006 |publisher=Meforum.org |access-date=21 November 2009 |last1=Pant |first1=Harsh V. |archive-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201162154/http://www.meforum.org/article/1019 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} The annual remittance by Indian expatriates in the region amounted to US$20 billion in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-28-fg-kerala28-story.html |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=28 January 2007 |last=Daragahi |first=Borzou |title=Bringing home a new Islam |location=Vengara |access-date=21 March 2014 |archive-date=4 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504080613/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/28/world/fg-kerala28}}</ref> India is one of the largest trading partners of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|CCASG]] with non-oil trade between India and [[Dubai]] alone amounting to US$19 billion in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/Foreign_Trade/India-Dubai_trade_records_74_rise/articleshow/3093800.cms |title=India-Dubai trade records 74% rise- Foreign Trade-Economy-News-The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |date=2 June 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141849/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/Foreign_Trade/India-Dubai_trade_records_74_rise/articleshow/3093800.cms |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> The Persian Gulf countries have also played an important role in addressing India's energy security concerns, with Saudi Arabia and Kuwait regularly increasing their oil supply to India to meet the country's rising energy demand. In 2005, Kuwait increased its oil exports to India by 10% increasing the net oil trade between the two to US$4.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kuwait/Oil.html |title=Kuwait Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis – Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal |publisher=Eia.doe.gov |date=1 January 2009 |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119055216/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kuwait/Oil.html |archive-date=19 January 2010 }}</ref> In 2008, Qatar decided to invest US$5 billion in India's energy sector.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111261371200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218070835/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111261371200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2008 |title=Front Page : Qatar to invest $5 billion in India |date=12 November 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

India has maritime security arrangements in place with Oman and Qatar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111258230100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218083247/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111258230100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2008 |title=Front Page : Navy foils bid to hijack Indian ship in Gulf of Aden |date=12 November 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> In 2008, a landmark defence pact was signed, under which India committed its military assets to protect "Qatar from external threats".<ref>[http://www.ptinews.com/pti%5Cptisite.nsf/0/AC643928791FF4F2652574FE00466484?OpenDocument Open Document] {{Dead link|date=October 2009}}</ref> There has been progress in a proposed deep-sea gas pipeline from Qatar, via Oman, to India.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Priyanka |url=http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm?aid=2245 |title=A Qatar-to-India Pipeline? |work=Energy Tribune |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226125132/http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm?aid=2245 |archive-date=26 February 2012 }}</ref>