Editing Florence (section)

=== Art ===
{{Main|Florentine painting|Florentine Renaissance art|Italian Renaissance sculpture}}
{{See also|Guilds of Florence}}
[[File:El nacimiento de Venus, por Sandro Botticelli.jpg|thumb|[[Botticelli]]'s ''[[The Birth of Venus|Birth of Venus]]'', [[Uffizi]]]]
Florence was the birthplace of High Renaissance art, which lasted from about 1500 to 1527. Renaissance art put a larger emphasis on naturalism and human emotion.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |title=The Western Heritage |last=Kagan |first=Donald |publisher=Pearson |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-205-39392-3 |pages=296}}</ref> [[Medieval art]] was often formulaic and symbolic; the surviving works are mostly religious, their subjects were chosen by clerics. By contrast, Renaissance art became more rational, mathematical, individualistic,<ref name=":02" /> and was produced by known artists such as [[Donatello]], [[Michelangelo]], and [[Raphael]], who started to sign their works. Religion was important, but with this new age came the humanization<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |title=Art Through the Ages |last=Kleiner |first=Fred |publisher=Clark Baxtor |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-495-91542-3 |location=Boston |pages=417, 421}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |url=https://stats.lib.pdx.edu/proxy.php?url=https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity&#124;video_work&#124;2361487 |title=The Power of the Past with Bill Moyers: Florence |date=1990}}</ref> of religious figures in art, such as in [[Masaccio]]'s ''[[Expulsion from the Garden of Eden]]'' and Raphael's ''[[Madonna della Seggiola]]''; people of this age began to understand themselves as human beings, which reflected in art.<ref name=":22" /> The Renaissance marked the rebirth of classical values in art and society as people studied the ancient masters of the Greco-Roman world;<ref name=":12" /> art became focused on realism as opposed to idealism.<ref name=":22" />

[[File:Firenze, loggia dei lanzi (2020) 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Loggia dei Lanzi]] displays sculptures]]
[[File:'David' by Michelangelo JBU05.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Michelangelo]]'s ''[[David (Michelangelo)|David]]'']]

[[Cimabue]] and [[Giotto]], the fathers of Italian painting, lived in Florence, as did [[Arnolfo di Cambio]] and [[Andrea Pisano]], renewers of architecture and sculpture; [[Filippo Brunelleschi]], [[Donatello]] and Masaccio, forefathers of the Renaissance, [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]] and the [[Della Robbia]] family, [[Filippo Lippi]] and [[Fra Angelico]]; [[Sandro Botticelli]], [[Paolo Uccello]] and the universal genius of [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and Michelangelo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learner.org/interactives/renaissance/florence_sub2.html |title=Art in Florence |publisher=learner.org |access-date=27 September 2010 |archive-date=25 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025041411/http://www.learner.org/interactives/renaissance/florence_sub2.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/2838/artgal.htm |title=Renaissance Artists |publisher=library.thinkquest.org |access-date=28 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124033248/http://library.thinkquest.org/2838/artgal.htm |archive-date=24 November 2010}}</ref>

Their works, together with those of many other generations of artists, are gathered in [[Museums of Florence|the city's many museums]]: the [[Uffizi Gallery]], the [[Galleria Palatina]] with the paintings of the "Golden Ages",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virtualuffizi.com/uffizi/ |title=Uffizi Gallery Florence • Uffizi Museum • Ticket Reservation |publisher=Virtualuffizi.com |access-date=5 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218221745/http://www.virtualuffizi.com/uffizi/ |archive-date=18 February 2009}}</ref> the [[Bargello]] with the sculptures of the Renaissance, the [[Museo Nazionale di San Marco|museum of San Marco]] with [[Fra Angelico]]'s works, the [[Galleria dell'Accademia]], the [[Medici Chapels]],<ref>[http://www.florentine-society.ru/Medici_Chapel_Mysteries.htm Peter Barenboim, Sergey Shiyan, ''Michelangelo: Mysteries of Medici Chapel'', SLOVO, Moscow, 2006]. {{ISBN|5-85050-825-2}}</ref> the museum of [[Orsanmichele]], the [[Casa Buonarroti]] with sculptures by Michelangelo, the [[Museo Bardini]], the [[Museo Horne]], the [[Museo Stibbert]], the [[Palazzo Corsini, Florence|Palazzo Corsini]], the [[Galleria d'Arte Moderna, Florence|Galleria d'Arte Moderna]], the [[Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Florence)|Museo dell'Opera del Duomo]], the [[Tesoro dei Granduchi]] and the [[Museo dell'Opificio delle Pietre Dure]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.italyguides.it/us/florence/palace_of_bargello.htm |title=Palace of Bargello (Bargello's Palace), Florence Italy |publisher=ItalyGuides.it |date=28 October 2006 |access-date=5 May 2009}}</ref> Several monuments are located in Florence: the [[Florence Baptistery|Baptistery]] with [[Mosaic ceiling of the Florence Baptistery|its mosaics]]; the cathedral with its sculptures, the medieval churches with bands of frescoes; public as well as private palaces – the [[Palazzo Vecchio]], the Palazzo Pitti, the [[Palazzo Medici Riccardi]], the [[Palazzo Davanzati]] and the [[Casa Martelli]]; monasteries, cloisters, refectories; the [[Florence Charterhouse|Certosa]]. The [[National Archaeological Museum, Florence|Museo Archeologico Nazionale]] documents [[Etruscan civilization]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.italyguides.it/us/florence/pitti_palace.htm |title=Inner court of Pitti Palace (Palazzo Pitti), Florence Italy |publisher=ItalyGuides.it |date=28 October 2006 |access-date=5 May 2009}}</ref> The city is so rich in art that some visitors experience [[Stendhal syndrome]] as they encounter its art for the first time.<ref name="ncjqkw">{{cite web |url=http://www.auxologia.com/index3.html |title=Auxologia: Graziella Magherini: La Sindrome di Stendhal (book) |access-date=12 October 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012105458/http://www.auxologia.com/index3.html |archive-date=12 October 2006}} (excerpts in Italian)</ref>

[[File:Uffizi Hallway.jpg|thumb|The [[Uffizi|Uffizi Gallery]] is the 10th most visited art museum in the world.]]

Florentine architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1466) and [[Leon Battista Alberti]] (1404–1472) were among the fathers of Renaissance architecture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.studymode.com/essays/Why-Was-Florence-Considered-Important-For-74009.html |title=Why Was Florence Considered Important For Culture And Arts? – Essay – Michellekim |publisher=StudyMode.com |access-date=14 March 2010}}</ref> The cathedral, topped by Brunelleschi's dome, dominates the Florentine skyline. The Florentines decided to start building it late in the 13th century, without a design for the dome. The project proposed by Brunelleschi in the 14th century was the largest ever built at the time, and the first major dome built in Europe since the two great domes of Roman times – the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] in Rome, and [[Hagia Sophia]] in [[Constantinople]]. The dome of Santa Maria del Fiore remains the largest brick construction of its kind in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripleman.com/index.php?showimage=737 |title=The Duomo of Florence &#124; Tripleman |publisher=tripleman.com |access-date=25 March 2010 |archive-date=6 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206202243/http://www.tripleman.com/index.php?showimage=737 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brunelleschisdome.com/ |title=brunelleschi's dome – Brunelleschi's Dome |publisher=Brunelleschisdome.com |access-date=25 March 2010}}</ref> In front of it is the medieval Baptistery. The two buildings incorporate in their decoration the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. In recent years, most of the important works of art from the two buildings – and from the nearby [[Giotto's Campanile]], have been removed and replaced by copies. The originals are now housed in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, just to the east of the cathedral.

Florence has a large number of art-filled churches, such as [[San Miniato al Monte]], [[San Lorenzo, Florence|San Lorenzo]], [[Santa Maria Novella]], [[Santa Trinita]], [[Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence|Santa Maria del Carmine]], [[Santa Croce, Florence|Santa Croce]], [[Santo Spirito, Florence|Santo Spirito]], [[Santissima Annunziata, Florence|Santissima Annunziata]], [[Ognissanti, Florence|Ognissanti]] and numerous others.<ref name="britannica.com"/>
	
[[File:Firenze.PalVecchio05.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Palazzo Vecchio]]]]
	
Artists associated with Florence range from [[Arnolfo di Cambio]] and [[Cimabue]] to [[Giotto]], [[Nanni di Banco]], and [[Paolo Uccello]]; through [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]], and [[Donatello]] and [[Masaccio]] and the [[della Robbia]] family; through [[Fra Angelico]] and [[Sandro Botticelli]] and [[Piero della Francesca]], and on to [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Michelangelo]]. Others include [[Benvenuto Cellini]], [[Andrea del Sarto]], [[Benozzo Gozzoli]], [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]], [[Filippo Lippi]], [[Bernardo Buontalenti]], [[Orcagna]], [[Antonio del Pollaiuolo|Antonio]] and [[Piero del Pollaiuolo]], [[Filippino Lippi]], [[Andrea del Verrocchio]], [[Bronzino]], [[Desiderio da Settignano]], [[Michelozzo]], [[Cosimo Rosselli]], the Sangallos, and [[Pontormo]]. Artists from other regions who worked in Florence include [[Raphael]], [[Andrea Pisano]], [[Giambologna]], [[Il Sodoma]] and [[Peter Paul Rubens]].
	
[[File:Dome of Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Florence).jpg|thumb|Brunelleschi's dome]]
	
Picture galleries in Florence include the [[Uffizi]] and the [[Palazzo Pitti]]. Two superb collections of sculpture are in the [[Bargello]] and the [[Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Florence)|Museo dell'Opera del Duomo]]. They are filled with the creations of Donatello, Verrocchio, Desiderio da Settignano, Michelangelo and others. The [[Galleria dell'Accademia]] has Michelangelo's ''[[David (Michelangelo)|David]]'', which was created between 1501 and 1504 and is perhaps the best-known work of art anywhere, plus the unfinished statues of slaves Michelangelo created for the [[tomb of Pope Julius II]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europe.travelonline.com/italy/region_florence.html |title=Florence, Tuscany Region, Italy – The Duomo, Statue of David, Piazza Dell Signoria |publisher=Europe.travelonline.com |access-date=25 March 2010 |archive-date=13 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713072107/http://www.europe.travelonline.com/italy/region_florence.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.florence.world-guides.com/art_galleries.html |title=Florence Art Gallery: Art Galleries and Museums in Florence Area, Italy |publisher=Florence.world-guides.com |access-date=25 March 2010}}</ref> Other sights include the medieval city hall, the Palazzo della Signoria (also known as the [[Palazzo Vecchio]]), the [[National Archaeological Museum, Florence|National Archeological Museum]], the [[Museo Galileo]], the [[Palazzo Davanzati]], the [[Museo Stibbert]], the [[Museo Nazionale di San Marco]], the [[Medici Chapels]], the Museo dell'Opera di Santa Croce, the Museum of the Cloister of Santa Maria Novella, the Zoological Museum ("[[La Specola]]"), the [[Museo Bardini]], and the [[Museo Horne]]. There is also a collection of works by the modern sculptor, [[Marino Marini (sculptor)|Marino Marini]], in [[Marino Marini Museum|a museum named after him]]. The [[Palazzo Strozzi]] is the site of special exhibitions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.palazzostrozzi.org/Sezione.jsp?idSezione=181 |title=Become a friend of Palazzo Strozzi – Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi – Firenze |publisher=Palazzostrozzi.org |access-date=25 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727162807/http://www.palazzostrozzi.org/Sezione.jsp?idSezione=181 |archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>