Editing Flagstaff, Arizona (section)

===Dark Sky City===
Flagstaff takes one of its nicknames from its designation as the world's first International Dark Sky City, with deliberate measures to reduce [[light pollution]] beginning in 1958<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://darksky.app.box.com/s/urqwpk16yumupbyhfek1evd6qihjc4k1|title=Flagstaff Annual Report 2018|website=darksky.app.box.com|access-date=January 16, 2019|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412234225/https://darksky.app.box.com/s/urqwpk16yumupbyhfek1evd6qihjc4k1|url-status=live}}</ref> supported by the environmentally-aware population and community advocates, government and elected officials, and the assistance of observatories in the area – including the United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station and Lowell Observatory.<ref>[http://www.flagstaffdarkskies.org Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118055950/http://www.flagstaffdarkskies.org/ |date=January 18, 2011 }}. Flagstaffdarkskies.org (October 24, 2011). Retrieved December 3, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.coconino.az.gov/comdev.aspx?id=144&terms=lighting Coconino County Lighting and General Codes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721032922/http://www.coconino.az.gov/comdev.aspx?id=144&terms=lighting |date=July 21, 2011 }}. Coconino.az.gov (January 7, 2008). Retrieved December 3, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://docs.darksky.org/AGM/2009/Luginbuhl.ppt Arizona IDA presentation on Lighting issues (PowerPoint)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706041538/http://docs.darksky.org/AGM/2009/Luginbuhl.ppt |date=July 6, 2010 }}. darksky.org.</ref><ref>[http://www.lowell.edu/ Lowell Observatory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302233420/http://www.lowell.edu/ |date=March 2, 2011 }}. Lowell.edu. Retrieved December 3, 2011.</ref>

The city's designation as an International Dark Sky City was on October 24, 2001, by the [[International Dark-Sky Association]], after a proposal by the Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition to start the recognition program. It is seen as a world precedent in dark sky preservation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flagstaffdarkskies.org/international-dark-sky-city/|title=International Dark Sky City – Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition|access-date=January 16, 2019|archive-date=January 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118103304/http://www.flagstaffdarkskies.org/international-dark-sky-city/|url-status=live}}</ref> Before this, it had been nicknamed the "Skylight City" in the 1890s, the same decade that the Lowell Observatory was founded.<ref name=":1" /> In 1958, it passed Ordinance 400,<ref name=":0" /> which outlawed using large or powerful searchlights within city limits. In the 1980s a series of measures were introduced for the city and Coconino County, and the Dark Sky Coalition was founded in 1999 by Chris Luginbuhl and Lance Diskan. Luginbuhl is a former U.S. Naval astronomer,<ref name=":33">{{Cite web|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-science/2017/01/11/satellite-images-show-flagstaffs-dark-sky-success-national-park-service-says/96460962/|title=Satellite images show Flagstaff's dark-sky success, National Park Service says|website=The Arizona Republic|access-date=January 16, 2019|archive-date=July 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719014435/https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-science/2017/01/11/satellite-images-show-flagstaffs-dark-sky-success-national-park-service-says/96460962/|url-status=live}}</ref> and Diskan had originally moved to Flagstaff from Los Angeles so that his children could grow up able to see stars, saying that "part of being human is looking up at the stars and being awestruck."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://darkskydiary.wordpress.com/2011/10/02/flagstaff-the-worlds-first-dark-sky-city/|title=Flagstaff: The World's First Dark Sky City|date=October 2, 2011|website=Dark Sky Diary|access-date=January 16, 2019|archive-date=March 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328142424/https://darkskydiary.wordpress.com/2011/10/02/flagstaff-the-worlds-first-dark-sky-city/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was reported that even though greater restrictions on types of public lighting were introduced in 1989,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flagstaffarizona.org/about-flagstaff/at-a-glance/dark-skies/|title=Dark Skies|website=Flagstaff, Arizona CVB|access-date=January 16, 2019|archive-date=March 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328185409/https://www.flagstaffarizona.org/about-flagstaff/at-a-glance/dark-skies/|url-status=live}}</ref> requiring them all to be low-emission, some public buildings like gas stations hadn't updated by 2002, after the Dark Sky designation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.lowell.edu/users/wes/GriffithObserver1crop.pdf|title=Flagstaff's Battle for Dark Skies|website=Griffith Observer|access-date=January 16, 2019|archive-date=April 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412175157/http://www2.lowell.edu/users/wes/GriffithObserver1crop.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Flagstaff and the surrounding area is split into four zones, each permitted different levels of light emissions. The highest restrictions are in south and west Flagstaff (near NAU and its observatory), and at the Naval, Braeside, and Lowell Observatories.<ref name=":2" /> Photographs detecting emissions taken in 2017 show that Flagstaff's light is 14 times less than another Western city of comparable size, [[Cheyenne, Wyoming]], which Luginbuhl described as "even better than [they] might have expected".<ref name=":33" />