Editing Federation (section)

==Internal controversy and conflict==
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[[File:CentralAmerica1860MapSmall.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|The [[United Provinces of Central America]] was a short-lived federal republic.]]

Certain forms of political and constitutional dispute are common to federations. One issue is that the exact division of power and responsibility between federal and regional governments is often a source of controversy. Often, as is the case with the [[United States]], such conflicts are resolved through the judicial system, which delimits the powers of federal and local governments. The relationship between federal and local courts varies from nation to nation and can be a controversial and complex issue in itself.

Another common issue in federal systems is the conflict between regional and national interests, or between the interests and aspirations of different ethnic groups. In some federations the entire jurisdiction is relatively homogeneous, and each constituent state resembles a miniature version of the whole; this is known as 'congruent federalism'. On the other hand, incongruent federalism exists where different states or regions possess distinct ethnic groups.

The ability of a federal government to create national institutions that can mediate differences that arise because of linguistic, ethnic, religious, or other regional differences is an important challenge. The inability to meet this challenge may lead to the secession of parts of a federation or to civil war, as occurred in the United States (southern states sought to protect the institution of slavery while northern states opposed it, with a catalysis occurring in the then–[[Bleeding Kansas|Kansas Territory]]), in [[Nigeria]] and in [[Switzerland]]. In the case of [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]] was expelled from the federation because of rising racial tension. In some cases, internal conflict may lead a federation to collapse entirely, as occurred the [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]], the [[Gran Colombia]], the [[United Provinces of Central America]], and the [[West Indies Federation]].