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== References == === Citations === {{Reflist|25em}} === Sources === {{Refbegin}} * {{cite encyclopedia |first = Maurits S. |last=Berger |title=Fatwa |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics |editor=Emad El-Din Shahin |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |url = http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t342/e0003 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190417225013/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t342/e0003 |url-status = dead |archive-date = April 17, 2019 |url-access=subscription }} * {{cite encyclopedia |first=Jonathan |last=Berkey |title=Education |editor=Richard C. Martin |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA |year=2004 |isbn=0028662695 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |first1=Ahmad S. |last1=Dallal |first2=Jocelyn |last2=Hendrickson |title=Fatwā. Modern usage |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor=John L. Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2009 |url = http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0243 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151120012810/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0243 |url-status = dead |archive-date = November 20, 2015 }} * {{cite news |last=Ghafour |first=Hamida |title=The fatwa hotline: 'We have heard everything' |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/20/heard-everything-women-fatwa-hotline-abu-dhabi |access-date=15 September 2019 |newspaper = The Guardian |date=20 August 2016}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Gräf|first=Bettina |title=Fatwā, modern media |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=3rd|editor1=Kate Fleet|editor2=Gudrun Krämer|editor3=Denis Matringe|editor4=John Nawas|editor5=Everett Rowson |publisher=Brill|year=2017 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27050 }} * {{cite book |first=Wael B.|last=Hallaq|author-link = Wael Hallaq |title = An Introduction to Islamic Law |year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3YvEt3PxmAcC |isbn=978-0521861465 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |first=Wael B.|last=Hallaq |entry=Islamic Law: History and Transformation |title=The New Cambridge History of Islam |volume=4: Islamic Cultures and Societies to the End of the Eighteenth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |editor=Robert Irwin |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bNeaBAAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0521838245 }} * {{cite encyclopedia|first=Jocelyn|last=Hendrickson|title=Law. Minority Jurisprudence|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009 |url = http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0473 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160326194942/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0473 |url-status = dead |archive-date = March 26, 2016 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |first=Jocelyn|last=Hendrickson |title=Fatwa |editor=Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone|encyclopedia=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0691134840}} * {{cite encyclopedia |first1=Muhammad Khalid|last1=Masud|first2=Joseph A.|last2=Kéchichian |title=Fatwā. Concepts of Fatwā |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor=John L. Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, England |year=2009 |url = http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0243 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151120012810/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0243 |url-status = dead |archive-date = November 20, 2015 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |first1=Brinkley |last1=Messick |first2=Joseph A. |last2=Kéchichian |title = Fatwā. Process and Function |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor=John L. Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, England |year=2009 |url = http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0243 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151120012810/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0243 |url-status = dead |archive-date = November 20, 2015 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Messick |first=Brinkley |title = Fatwā, modern |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=3rd |editor1=Kate Fleet |editor2=Gudrun Krämer |editor3=Denis Matringe |editor4=John Nawas |editor5=Everett Rowson |publisher=Brill |year=2017 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27049 }} * {{cite book |title = Shi'I Islam: A Beginner's Guide |first=Moojan |last=Momen |publisher=Oneworld Publications |edition = Kindle |year=2015 |isbn=978-1780747873 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7WS1CgAAQBAJ }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Powers |first=David S. |title = Fatwā, premodern |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=3rd |editor1=Kate Fleet|editor2=Gudrun Krämer|editor3=Denis Matringe|editor4=John Nawas|editor5=Everett Rowson |publisher=Brill |year=2017 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27048 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |first=Merlin |last=Swartz |title=Mufti |encyclopedia=The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, England |year=2009 |url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195134056.001.0001/acref-9780195134056-e-559 |editor=Stanley N. Katz |url-access=subscription |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195134056.001.0001 |isbn=978-0195134056 |hdl=10261/117259 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite encyclopedia |first1=E. |last1=Tyan |first2=J.R. |last2=Walsh |title=Fatwā |year= 2012 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |editor1=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0219 }} * {{cite book |first=Knut S. |last=Vikør |year=2005 |title=Between God and the Sultan: A History of Islamic Law |publisher=Oxford University Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=I9d7Jw8c5v4C&pg=PA142 |isbn=0195223985 }} * {{cite book |first=Erik Jan|last=Zürcher |year=2016 |title= Jihad and Islam in World War I: Studies on the Ottoman Jihad on the Centenary of Snouck Hurgronje's "Holy War Made in Germany" |publisher=Leiden University Press |isbn=978-9087282394 }} {{Refend}}
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