Editing Fascism (section)

===International impact of the Great Depression and buildup to World War II===
The conditions of economic hardship caused by the [[Great Depression]] brought about an international surge of social unrest.{{sfnp|Tenorio|2023}} Fascist propaganda blamed the problems of the long depression of the 1930s on minorities and [[scapegoat]]s: "[[antisemitism|Judeo]]-[[Freemasonry|Masonic]]-[[Bolshevism|bolshevik]]" conspiracies, [[Left-wing politics#Nationalism, anti-imperialism and anti-nationalism|left-wing internationalism]] and the presence of immigrants.{{sfnp|Chomsky|2003|p=46}}

In Germany, it contributed to the rise of the Nazi Party, which resulted in the demise of the [[Weimar Republic]] and the establishment of the fascist regime, [[Nazi Germany]], under the leadership of Adolf Hitler.{{sfnp|Holocaust Encyclopedia ''"Degenerate" Art''}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Module 5: The Twin Drivers of Nazi Culture |url=https://library.mcmaster.ca/archives/virtualmuseum/mod5-1.html |website=The Madeleine and Monte Levy Virtual Museum of the Holocaust and the Resistance |publisher=[[McMaster University]] |language=en |access-date=10 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317120658/https://library.mcmaster.ca/archives/virtualmuseum/mod5-1.html |archive-date=17 March 2025}}</ref> With the rise of Hitler and the Nazis to power in 1933, [[liberal democracy]] was dissolved in Germany and the Nazis mobilized the country for war, with expansionist territorial aims against several countries.{{sfnp|Shirer|1960|pp=199–201}}{{sfnp|Evans|2008|p=7}} In the 1930s, the Nazis implemented racial laws that deliberately discriminated against, [[Disfranchisement|disenfranchised]] and persecuted Jews and other racial and minority groups.{{sfnp|Holocaust Encyclopedia ''Anti-Jewish Legislation''}}

[[File:1er Congrès du Parti populaire français - discours de M. Doriot - btv1b90453371.jpg|thumb|[[Jacques Doriot]], leader of the [[French Popular Party]] speaking at the party's first congress in 1936.{{sfnp|Jackson|1988|pp=254–255}}]]
Fascist movements grew in strength elsewhere in Europe. Hungarian fascist [[Gyula Gömbös]] rose to power as Prime Minister of [[Hungary]] in 1932 and attempted to entrench his [[Party of Hungarian Life|Party of National Unity]] throughout the country. He created an eight-hour work day and a forty-eight-hour work week in industry; sought to entrench a corporatist economy; and pursued [[Irredentism|irredentist]] claims on Hungary's neighbors.{{sfnp|Payne|1995|p=270}} The fascist [[Iron Guard]] movement in [[Romania]] soared in political support after 1933, gaining representation in the Romanian government, and an Iron Guard member assassinated Romanian prime minister [[Ion Duca]].{{sfnp|Payne|1995|pp=282–288}} The Iron Guard was the only fascist movement outside Germany and Italy to [[National Legionary State|come to power]] without foreign assistance.{{sfnp|Gallagher|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1zoXqTR_dAC&pg=PA35 35]}}{{sfnp|Deletant|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8taGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66 66]}} During the [[6 February 1934 crisis]], [[France]] faced the greatest domestic political turmoil since the [[Dreyfus Affair]] when the fascist [[Francist Movement]] and multiple far-right movements rioted ''[[en masse]]'' in Paris against the French government resulting in major political violence.{{sfnp|Woolf|1983|p=311}} A variety of [[Para-fascism|para-fascist]] governments that borrowed elements from fascism were formed during the Great Depression, including those of [[Greece]], [[Lithuania]], [[Poland]] and Yugoslavia.{{sfnp|Payne|1995|p=145}} In [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]], the [[National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands]] was at its height in the 1930s due to the Great Depression, especially in 1935 when it won almost eight percent of votes, until the year 1937.{{sfnp|Rietbergen|2000|pp=160–161}}

[[File:SaudacaoIntegralista1935.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Brazilian Integralism|Integralists]] marching in Brazil]]
[[File:Retratos de Luis A. Flores 2.jpg|thumb|[[Luis A. Flores]], [[Prime Minister of Peru]] in 1932, shown saluting in the party uniform of the [[Revolutionary Union (Peru)|Revolutionary Union]] of Peru that he led as its Supreme Chief from 1933-56.]]

In the Americas, the [[Brazilian Integralism|Brazilian Integralists]] led by [[Plínio Salgado]] claimed as many as 200,000 members, although following coup attempts it faced a crackdown from the [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Estado Novo]] of [[Getúlio Vargas]] in 1937.{{sfnp|Griffin|1991|pp=150–152}} In [[Peru]], the [[Revolutionary Union (Peru)|Revolutionary Union]] was a fascist political party which was in power 1931 to 1933. In the 1930s, the [[National Socialist Movement of Chile]] gained seats in [[Chile]]'s parliament and attempted a coup d'état that resulted in the [[Seguro Obrero massacre]] of 1938.{{sfnp|Payne|1995|pp=341–342}}

During the Great Depression, Mussolini promoted active state intervention in the economy. He denounced the contemporary "[[Supercapitalism (concept in Italian Fascism)|supercapitalism]]" that he claimed began in 1914 as a failure because of its alleged [[decadence]], its support for unlimited [[consumerism]], and its intention to create the "standardization of humankind."{{sfnp|Berghaus|2000|pp=136–137}} Fascist Italy created the [[Institute for Industrial Reconstruction]] (IRI), a giant state-owned firm and holding company that provided state funding to failing private enterprises.{{sfnp|Blamires|2006|p=189}} The IRI was made a permanent institution in Fascist Italy in 1937, pursued fascist policies to create national [[autarky]] and had the power to take over private firms to maximize war production.{{sfnp|Blamires|2006|p=189}} While Hitler's regime only nationalized 500 companies in key industries by the early 1940s,{{sfnp|Overy|1994|p=16}} Mussolini declared in 1934, "[t]hree-fourths of Italian economy, industrial and agricultural, is in the hands of the state."<ref>{{harvp|Toniolo|2013|p=59}}; Mussolini's speech to the Chamber of Deputies was on 26 May 1934.</ref>

Due to the worldwide depression, Mussolini's government was able to take over most of Italy's largest failing banks, who held controlling interest in many Italian businesses. The IRI reported in early 1934 that they held assets of "48.5 percent of the share capital of Italy", which later included the capital of the banks themselves.{{sfnp|Toniolo|2013|p=59}} Political historian Martin Blinkhorn estimated Italy's scope of state intervention and ownership "greatly surpassed that in Nazi Germany, giving Italy a public sector second only to that of Stalin's Russia."{{sfnp|Blinkhorn|2006|p=46}} In the late 1930s, Italy enacted manufacturing cartels, tariff barriers, currency restrictions and massive regulation of the economy to attempt to balance payments.{{sfnp|Blamires|2006|p=72}} Italy's policy of autarky failed to achieve effective economic autonomy.{{sfnp|Blamires|2006|p=72}} Nazi Germany similarly pursued an economic agenda with the aims of autarky and rearmament and imposed [[Protectionism|protectionist]] policies, including forcing the German steel industry to use lower-quality German iron ore rather than superior-quality imported iron.{{sfnp|Blamires|2006|p=190}}