Editing European Court of Human Rights (section)

===National courts===
Most of the contracting parties to the European Convention on Human Rights have incorporated the convention into their own national legal systems, either through constitutional provision, statute or judicial decision.<ref>Helen Keller and [[Alec Stone Sweet]], [http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199535262.do? ''A Europe of Rights: The Impact of the ECHR on National Legal Systems''] ([[Oxford University Press]], 2008).</ref> The ECtHR increasingly considers judicial dialogue with national courts to be a "high priority", especially when it comes to implementation of judgements.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glas |first1=Lize R. |title=European Yearbook on Human Rights 2018 |date=2018 |publisher=Intersentia |isbn=978-1-78068-800-8 |pages=287–318 |chapter=The Boundaries to Dialogue with the European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> According to a 2012 study, the ECtHR tends to justify its decisions with citations to its own case law in order to convince national courts to accept its rulings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lupu |first1=Yonatan |last2=Voeten |first2=Erik |date=2012 |title=Precedent in International Courts: A Network Analysis of Case Citations by the European Court of Human Rights |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/precedent-in-international-courts-a-network-analysis-of-case-citations-by-the-european-court-of-human-rights/0751B7A11AE1D9671F7C3D439E76C375 |journal=British Journal of Political Science |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=413–439 |doi=10.1017/S0007123411000433 |s2cid=14120365 |issn=1469-2112 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820121044/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/precedent-in-international-courts-a-network-analysis-of-case-citations-by-the-european-court-of-human-rights/0751B7A11AE1D9671F7C3D439E76C375 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |access-date=20 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, Russia adopted a law declaring it legal to overrule judgements from the ECtHR,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-15|title=Putin signs law allowing Russia to overturn rulings of international rights courts |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-court-putin-idUSKBN0TY17H20151215|access-date=2021-02-19}}</ref> codifying an earlier Russian Constitutional Court decision which ruled that Russia could refuse to recognize an ECtHR decision if it conflicted with the [[Constitution of Russia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33521553|title=Russia may overrule European law|date=14 July 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> and in 2020 Russia made [[2020 Russian constitutional referendum|constitutional amendments]] stipulating that the Russian Constitution supersedes international law. (In March 2022, due to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and a history of disregard for the principles of the Convention, [[Russia in the Council of Europe|Russia was expelled from the Council of Europe]].) Other countries have also moved to restrict the binding nature of the ECtHR judgments, subject to the countries' own constitutional principles. In 2004, the [[Federal Constitutional Court]] of Germany ruled that judgements handed down by the ECtHR are not always binding on German courts.<ref>{{cite web |author=Thorsten Ader |url=https://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/2004/10/article14.en.html |title=Germany: Binding Effect of Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights |publisher=Council of Europe |date=14 October 2004 |access-date=23 May 2019 |archive-date=15 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015012514/http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/2004/10/article14.en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Italian Constitutional Court]] also restricts the applicability of ECtHR decisions.<ref>{{Cite SSRN|last1=Motoc|first1=Iulia|last2=Volikas|first2=Markos|date=2019-02-17|title=The Dialogue between the ECHR and the Italian Constitutional Court: The Saga of 'Giem and Others V Italy |ssrn=3336144}}</ref>

A 2016 book characterizes [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Czech Republic|Czechia]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Poland]], and [[Sweden]] to be mostly friendly to ECtHR judgements; [[France]], [[Hungary]], [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Switzerland]], and [[Turkey]] to be moderately critical; the [[United Kingdom]] to be strongly critical; and [[Russia]] to be openly hostile.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Popelier |editor1-first=Patricia |editor2-last=Lambrecht |editor2-first=Sarah |editor3-last=Lemmens |editor3-first=Koen |title=Criticism of the European Court of Human Rights: Shifting the Convention System : Counter-dynamics at the National and EU Level |date=2016 |publisher=Intersentia |isbn=978-1-78068-401-7 |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, south Caucasus states were judged partially compliant in a law review article.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Remezaite |first1=Ramute |title=Challenging the Unconditional: Partial Compliance with ECtHR Judgments in the South Caucasus States |journal=Israel Law Review |date=2019 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=169–195 |doi=10.1017/S0021223719000049|s2cid=210381634 }}</ref>